The Effects of Anabolic Steroids Essay Example For Students

The Effects of Anabolic Steroids Essay Youve seen them, and you thought you comprehended what was happening. Themuscle-heads at the rec center, the top pick ball player, the stunning offensivetackle, and the extremely quick swimmer. Every one of them utilized steroids, and you knewit. They were all unnaturally solid, and looked like divine beings. In any case, what you couldnot see is the horrendous reactions which get using anabolicsteroids. These amazing medications have both positive and negative outcomes fromtheir use. Alongside expanded quality and size, clients of steroids sufferfrom sicknesses like disease, terrible skin inflammation, male pattern baldness, harmed organs and exceptional moodswings. Anabolic steroids are a gathering of muscle building synthetics, which aresynthetic adaptations of the male hormone, testosterone. Created in 1935 theywere recommended to help in muscle and tissue fix by the individuals who had undergonesurgery or had degenerative sicknesses. Presently they are utilized by competitors andpatients the same. In any case, they are illicit to utilize if not endorsed by a physician,and have been restricted by almost all athletic associations, both expert andamateur. At the point when you consider somebody who utilizes steroids you ordinarily picturesomeone who is enormous, and whose bulk is all around characterized. A picturecomes to mind of the goliath muscle head, who is so huge he cannot contact his backbecause his biceps are standing out, yet he can figure out how to seat press his vehicle. We will compose a custom exposition on The Effects of Anabolic Steroids explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now The conceivable development and advancement is astounding. With substantially less work necessary,the results can be surprising. Competitors can get greater, more grounded and faster,with less exertion than past. The restrictions of a competitors potential withsteroids appear to be unbounded. These are the positive perspectives to the utilization ofsteroids. One examination indicated that as much as ten pounds of fit bulk couldbe picked up by a develop grown-up utilizing steroids longer than a years time frame. The resultingsize and quality increment would be more prominent more effectively achieved than withoutuse of steroids.(Taylor pg 45) Also, the sort of body structure that may malesare searching for can be handily acquired using steroids. Largepectoral muscles, too and enormous biceps and an all around characterized stomach are whatmany high school clients are after. Society directs what the current patterns are, andour society has directed that athletic looking men (and ladies ) are in. Be that as it may, noteveryone can be so lucky to have an excellent body with their given genetic stock. So using steroids, individuals can achieve the superb body that theyso want. One ex-client remarked that after he had utilized steroids and built up,he was significantly more mainstream with the females, and got considerably more regard from hismale peers.(Deacon pg 52) Steroids are likewise utilized for remedial applicationsas well, in spite of the fact that their utilization here is substantially less notable. Steroids can be usedto advance mending in patients who have as of late experienced medical procedure, they alsoimprove the craving and increment protein creation. They additionally help protectblood for delivering bone marrow after radiation treatment. Likewise, steroids can beused to help treat skeletal clutters, for example, osteoporosis broken bones becausethey help in the reproduction of the bone matrix.(Goldman pg 201) The positiveeffects of steroids are very self-evident, and very incredible. Shockingly, the utilization of steroids will in general outcome in many harming reactions in the clients. The sad accounts of commanding competitors who usedsteroids, who are not, at this point extraordinary at their one time calling appears to speck thenewspaper pages consistently. They generally state that they understood too latethe harming impacts that the medications had on their bodies. Steroids can have manydifferent and unfriendly responses with the human body. A few impacts are onlycosmetic: male pattern baldness on the head, and an expansion of hair on the back, chest andabdomen of guys is now and again present. More noteworthy convergences of skin break out has alsobeen followed to the utilization of steroids, as has gynecomastia, the improvement ofabnormal bosom tissue in guys, in spite of the fact that this is substantially less frequent.(Yesalis pg115) More risky outcomes are side effects, for example, coronary illness, impairedglucose resistance, hypertension, liver po isonousness, jaundice and tumors have allbeen connected to the utilization of anabolic steroids. Steroids will in general increment bloodpressure, which makes the heart siphon more diligently, in the long run debilitating it. They alsoprevent the expulsion of cholesterol from the dividers of veins, which can likewise havenegative impact on the body. In the liver, raised degrees of bile can bepresent, just as peliosis hepatis or blood pools in the liver. Likewise livercancer has been connected to the utilization of steroids. They can likewise cause tumors inthe kidney, known as Wilms tumor, which is another type of malignant growth. Additionally, theextended utilization of steroids can make the ligaments lose their flexibility, andbegin to break or tear after expanded utilization of steroids.(Goldman pg 131) Anotherproblem basic to the utilization of steroids is a mental marvels commonlyknown as roid rage. This establishes an all the more forcefully natured individual, whois progress ively subject to temperament swings. A commonly quiet, insightful individual could betransformed into a crazed silly being. The smallest upsetting element couldset them off. These emotional episodes and movements will in general be brief and stop afterdiscontinued utilization of the medications, yet a portion of different impacts are enduring, andcan be very destroying. Less unsafe, however significant also is the factthat steroids are prohibited by almost every athletic association, and in the event that it isdetermined that a competitor utilized steroids, all decorations, trophies, prizes and glorycan be stripped away. .ucf42428bbb02bc8891f944dc47def65b , .ucf42428bbb02bc8891f944dc47def65b .postImageUrl , .ucf42428bbb02bc8891f944dc47def65b .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .ucf42428bbb02bc8891f944dc47def65b , .ucf42428bbb02bc8891f944dc47def65b:hover , .ucf42428bbb02bc8891f944dc47def65b:visited , .ucf42428bbb02bc8891f944dc47def65b:active { border:0!important; } .ucf42428bbb02bc8891f944dc47def65b .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ucf42428bbb02bc8891f944dc47def65b { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ucf42428bbb02bc8891f944dc47def65b:active , .ucf42428bbb02bc8891f944dc47def65b:hover { obscurity: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ucf42428bbb02bc8891f944dc47def65b .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .ucf42428bbb02bc8891f944dc47def65b .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-improvement: underline; } .ucf42428bbb02bc8891f944dc47def65b .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ucf42428bbb02bc8891f944dc47def65b .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enrichment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucf42428bbb02bc8891f944dc47def65b:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ucf42428bbb02bc889 1f944dc47def65b .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ucf42428bbb02bc8891f944dc47def65b-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ucf42428bbb02bc8891f944dc47def65b:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Forgiveness EssayAthletes who train with the utilization of steroids are facing a colossal challenge. In spite of the fact that steroids can have astounding outcomes, and appear to be the best thing onearth, they likewise hold a cornucopia of horrible things coming up for the personwho utilizes them flippantly. They should assess for themselves if the potentialphysical ability that they could achieve using steroids is worth thepossibility of the overwhelming reactions. They should likewise remember theconsequences that they could experience in the event that they do utilize steroids, which are anillegal tranquilize. Classification: Science

The Double Helix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Double Helix - Essay Example Thus, a replication of the first DNA is accomplished with the parent and girl atoms having the very same properties. The twofold helix in the reciprocal based blending subsequently guarantees that girl particles infer the very same qualities as the parent atoms (Teerikorpi, Valtonen, Lehto, Byrd and Chernin, 2008). The expression, ‘two strands of DNA in the twofold helix are antiparallel,’ implies that the strands run in inverse ways. This is a result of properties of the various structures of the strands that guarantee the contrary bearings for holding in the twofold helix strands (Strachan, 2003). In the event that the strands were equal, the parts of the bargains helix strands would have comparative properties. This would result from the strands matching with the two strands adjusted a similar way rather than the inverse directional abandoning of the ‘antiparallel’ twofold helix strands (Behr,

Whos that new kid

Who’s that new kid Is this thing on? Um, okay. Some of you are probably like me and come from one of those families where you are the only one who knows how to turn on the computer, change the height of your moms office chair*, or tie your shoes. So every time one of the aforementioned tasks has to be completed, theyre yelling for (at?) you. Ever since I got accepted to MIT, though, its gotten significantly worse. Why didnt my moms favorite reality show tape last night? ASK HER, SHES THE MIT STUDENT. Photo printer is doing nothing but eating paper? GET THE MIT STUDENT. SAVE THE TREES. 14 x 22? YO, MITTY GIRL. My name is Jess K. 10, and I am indeed an MIT student. (Eight months after receiving the tube, I still dont really believe it. So if you ask me right now what 14 x 22 is, Ill tell you its the dimensions of a half-sheet cake; Im just a girl working in a bakery.) Ive lived in California all my life, where its okay that I wear t-shirts and flip flops in December. When it gets below 60 degrees here, we cry. So not only do I have to wrap my head around this whole thing of going to College, capital C, I have to wrap my body in something other than breathable cotton. Despite always living in the same place, I dont stay there for long. I spent half of my last summer in high school studying abroad in Japan and the other researching marine protected areas in South Caicos. Three years before that, all over Europe; this summer, South Korea and the Philippines. Come fall, Cambridge. Im no Anthony 09 and itll take me a little longer to jot down my life story, so here I am in a nutshell: Im eighteen, am a destroyer of Sudoku puzzles, and live for double entendres and free food. I know all the words to One Week by the Barenaked Ladies and I make the best blueberry waffles of your life. I am a writer, a reader, an artist, a dreamer, a pianist, a singer, a drummer, a swimmer, a pacifist, an atheist, a humanitarian, a vegetarian (my parents protest this, insisting Im still growing, which would be nice if it were true, as Im only 54), a human rights activist, an environmentalist, a web designer, a graphics designer, a filmmaker, a scuba diver, a hopeless romantic, a generally crazy but somewhat interesting kid with her own sense of style, just content on living life. And I have very little idea what my future holds. I do fully invite and embrace questions. Any and all. But I do have one for you Im temped in this blog until the new site launches September 5th, which means you guys get to help me think of a name for my real blog. (I named my old one Cafe J when I was 14, which is pretty cringe-worthy.) Any suggestions are fully appreciated, because the best Ive got is Mitras Blog (copyright Colin 10)(What? Thats TAKEN?? Youre KIDDING). And hey, if I like your name, Ill bring you a cake. (One thats smaller than 14 x 22.) * So YOURE the one who keeps changing the height of my chair! -My mom, after reading. Whoops.

Colby College Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores

Colby College is a private liberal arts college with an acceptance rate of 13%. Located in Waterville, Maine, Colby frequently ranks among the top 20 liberal arts colleges in the country. The 714-acre campus includes a 128-acre arboretum. Students have 58 majors and 35 minors from which to choose, and the college boasts of a 10-to-1  student faculty/ratio.  The college has a chapter of the prestigious  Phi Beta Kappa  honor society, and wins high marks for its environmental initiatives and emphasis on study abroad, with over 70% of students participating. The alpine and Nordic ski teams at Colby compete in Division I, all other teams compete in Division III athletics. Other popular sports include football, squash, track and field, basketball, and cross country. Considering applying to this highly selective school? Here are the Colby College admissions statistics you should know. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, Colby College had an acceptance rate of 13%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 13 students were admitted, making Colbys admissions process highly competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 12,313 Percent Admitted 13% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 36% SAT Scores and Requirements Colby College has a test-optional standardized testing policy. Applicants to Colby may submit SAT or ACT scores to the school, but they are not required.  During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 56% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 670 740 Math 680 770 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that of those students who submitted scores during the 2017-18 admissions cycle, most of Colbys admitted students fall within the top 20% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to Colby College scored between 670 and 740, while 25% scored below 670 and 25% scored above 740. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 680 and 770, while 25% scored below 680 and 25% scored above 770. While the SAT is not required, this data tells us that a composite SAT score of 1510 or higher is competitive for Colby. Requirements Colby College does not require SAT scores for admission. For students who choose to submit scores, note that Colby participates in the scorechoice program, meaning that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. Colby does not require the essay section of the SAT. ACT Scores and Requirements Colby has a test-optional standardized testing policy. Applicants may submit SAT or ACT scores to the school, but they are not required.  During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 49% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 31 35 Math 28 33 Composite 31 33 This admissions data tells us that of those who submitted scores during the 2017-18 admissions cycle, most of Colbys admitted students fall within the top 5% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to Colby received a composite ACT score between 31 and 33, while 25% scored above 33 and 25% scored below 31. Requirements Note that Colby College does not require ACT scores for admission. For students who choose to submit scores, Colby participates in the scorechoice program, meaning that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all ACT test dates. Colby does not require the ACT writing section. GPA Colby College does not provide data about admitted students high school GPAs. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph Colby College Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to Colby College. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in  with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances Colby College has a highly competitive admissions pool with a low acceptance rate and high average SAT/ACT scores. However, Colby has a holistic admissions process and is test-optional, and admissions decisions are based on much more than numbers. A strong application essay and glowing letters of recommendation can strengthen your application, as can meaningful extracurricular activities and a rigorous course schedule. The college is looking for students who will contribute to the campus community in meaningful ways, not just students who show promise in the classroom. Students with particularly compelling stories or achievements can still receive serious consideration even if their grades and scores are outside of Colbys range. In the graph above, the blue and green dots represent accepted students. Most successful applicants had GPAs in the A range, combined SAT scores of 1300 or higher, and ACT composite scores of 28 or better. If You Like Colby College, You May Also Like These Schools Bowdoin CollegeBrandeis UniversityWesleyan UniversityHaverford CollegeSwarthmore CollegeBrown UniversityFlagler College All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and Colby College Undergraduate Admissions Office.

Analysis Of A Cheaters Guide To Love By Junot Diaz

Junot Diaz, the author of â€Å"A Cheaters Guide to Love† writes his short story with many different references to anti-feminism. He writes about women in different ways to show them as powerless, and un-superior to the main character in the short story. From this short story, Diaz conveys the main characters ways when he shows the him talking about, the girl he calls to have sex with, the women at the yoga class, and the files read at the end of the story that show the fifty girls he cheated on his fiancà © with. Diaz creates his main character and puts him in the second person to relate to the reader, but show his anti-feministic signs. In the short story, the main character, Yunior starts by explaining that he had cheated on his fiancà ©. But†¦show more content†¦Further examples of Diaz explaining how Yunior shows his Anti-feministic signs, is when he signs up for the yoga class. The first thing Yunior says about the class is, â€Å"Elvis was certainly right. There are mad hos, all with their asses in the air† (Diaz year two). This sentence in the story can bring up controversy, of the way Diaz Writes, and the way he portrays his characters to talk. In the peer edited review article, â€Å"Feminism and Anti-Feminism† by Clyde Wilcox, the author explains that, â€Å"the smallest group (17 percent) was composed of anti-feminists who were generally moderate to liberal on other issues. We might refer to this group as Liberal Anti-Feminists. This group was the least likely to be employed, to report a family income of over $30,000, or to have attended some college† (Wilcox 156). Although Y unior was a professor at a college, he stated earlier in the short story that he had moved apartments a few times, and eaten out a lot because of his financial status. This shows that when stress was added to Yunior, he would go out and look for people to hook up with and be intimate with to take his mind off of what was happening in the world around him. This could have also been another reason he cheated on his fiancà © because the stress she carried with her and their financial status together, caused him to have uncontrollable emotions. Either way, proving he was against respecting women and what they did

Kids, Work and Stat of a History Essay Argument Samples

Kids, Work and Stat of a History Essay Argument Samples All About Stat of a History Essay Argument Samples An essay is also a brief bit of writing on a certain subject. Nowadays you get a crystal clear idea of the historical essay structure and the way to compose a history essay paper accordingly. Clearly, you can't write a great paper when you haven't done the readings, so make sure to keep up. To begin with, the paper is passed through Copyscape application to make sure that it isn't plagiarized. The possiblity to recognize cause-effect relationships may also be among the criteria from the superior historic essay. Put simply, the politician who would like a vote, or the fake news websites that just need a click. There are a lot of examples of history essay topic that you could possibly be requested to write on, and thus, it's good to become acquainted with many different topics. Stat of a History Essay Argument Samples Features The difference between competent and super ior work is tough to define. In any case, you might not have a dependable supply of income for a student. The point isn't merely to locate a key source, but utilize it well. 1 reason it's very interesting is there is an obvious progression from the challenges at A level to the demands of a degree. In truth, it's far easier than that which you think! Within Barrett there are also a number of clubs specifically for Barrett students that provide a great deal of great opportunities. Simply to sit down the evening before the essay is due and await the muses to begin talking isn't likely to find the business done. As such it's a great chance to generate a mature academic study on something which you might never again have the opportunity to research. The body of the essay is wherever your argument is truly made and where you're going to be using evidence directly. Choose 1 side of the argument you'll be supporting. Every argument needs to be accompanied with evidence. It is po ssible to either choose to support the arguments or ideas in the movie, or concentrate on disputing them. Use good and simple English you ought to be in a position to express your narrative in an easy and clear English. History is more of narration, and that means you want to perfect your descriptions to meet your audience. Before you begin, there are a couple of things you have to know about writing an essay. On the last part, you may also compare the documentary with others in the identical genre or subject in order to create readers have better comprehension of the review. When you surf our site for recommendations that might help you write your own essay, you will come across many helpful tips. Whatever They Told You About Stat of a History Essay Argument Samples Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why The conclusion is the overview of the more important points within the body. Each subdivision of the topic ought to be considered in a different paragraph. A thesis statement is a brief sentence that states what your essay will cover. Devote every paragraph to a specific idea and a couple associated evidences. Finding the Best Stat of a History Essay Argument Samples It's also wise to point out what it is you're attempting to argue throughout the essay. Make certain you determine any subdivisions wit hin the major topic question and deal with each of them in your essay. Your questions is going to be the start of your own thesis. Without a thorough understanding of the questions that you are unable to compose an adequate answer. People have the ability to relate with events that occurred in the nation in a more elaborate method. Knowing a nation's history gives someone a crystal clear picture of the overall facets of a nation. Narrow down your objective history is extremely wide, and so it is practically not possible to write about everything on a topic that you might have been allocated. If you are in possession of a terrific storyand you provide a good experience, you amplify your value. It's possible to also do some studying to discover more about the points to discuss so as to present a logical and compelling review. The History Hub Library can be a little overwhelming, but if you dive into it with a thought of what you're searching for, it is a great tool. Reading the past principally in conditions of your very own present experience can also make problems in your arguments.

Development of Tourism & Hospitality Industries-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Emerging Issues in Hospitality and Tourism. Answer: Brief overview of the chosen issue Tourism and hospitality industry is witnessing a steep growth in the current era, though there are different challenges and issues emerging alongside the expansion (Michailidou et al. 2016). The authors argue that environmental degradation due to the rapid expansion of tourism and hospitality is one of the most crucial challenges faced by the industry today. This issue is noteworthy since sustainability of the industry is at stake across sectors. Though tourism has a positive impact on the country in terms of economic growth, foreign exchange earnings and employment opportunities, the pressure exerted on the environment cannot be denied. According to Hiltunen et al. (2016) unrestrained traditional tourism imposes major threats to the natural resources of the country. A wide array of problems emerge since considerable harm is done to the environment, such a loss of natural habitat, soil erosion, increased pollution and depletion of natural resources like water. Important land resources such as fossil fuels, forests, fertile soil and wildlife are among the natural resources upon which pressure is created due to recreational facilities and tourism. Direct brunt on renewable and non-renewable natural resources can be caused due to the use of land for infrastructure provision. Further, tourism leads to pollution in the form of air emissions, solid waste production, noise pollution, releases of sewage and visual pollution. The ecosystems threatened with degradation are ecologically fragile areas like wetlands, mangroves, rain forests, and coral reefs. The threats to these ecosystems are drastic since these places are eye-c atching to tourists and developers alike (Ouattara, Prez-Barahona and Strobl 2016). The physical impact of growth on tourism on the environment had been explained by (Mason 2015). Trampling impacts on vegetation include reduced regeneration, reduced plant vigour, loss of groud cover, change in the composition of species. Impacts on the soil include a decrease in water and air permeability, accelerated erosion, increase in run off. Further, alteration in the ecosystem by activities in tourism are noteworthy. Critical analysis of the significance of the chosen issue for future growth and development of the Tourism and Hospitality Industries Mohammed (2017) points out that rapid degradation of natural resources and environmental degradation restricts further expansion of tourism and hospitality industries across the globe. The depletion of resources and similar negative impact has drawn the attention of environmentalists who have cme forward to restrict tourism activities. Actions are now being taken up against the ignorant tourism and hospitality organisations that have been blatantly ignoring environmental effects of their activities. Reforms are now being made in policies that are setting new procedures for the functioning of such organisations. Policies are now governed by the association of the proposed tourism project and potential environmental impact. This has made it difficult to set of tourism projects in different major tourism hotspots in the country, such as the Great Barrier Reef, one of the most attractive natural wonder of the country, as well as the world. Tourism and hospitality industries are now facing immense pressure to abide by legislations supporting sustainable environmental activities that do not allow harm caused to the natural resources. The ecological importance of the area in which the proposed tourism project would be set up is first to be adjudged before commencing on the project. The government of Australia has also contributed to such approaches wherein all industry organisations are to adhere to the newly formed regulation and rules articulated over time (Zaman et al. 2016). Organisations have reported they have are on the verge of suffering economic losses due to such regulations and conflicts have commonly emerged on this ground. While the aim of the movements supported by the government is to establish a framework for the ecologically sustainable development of conservation of the natural resources, the justification provided by the industry is that tourism is not always able to integrate philanthropy into business (Font 2017). The authors state that tourism industry wants the government to plan a flexible managing approach so that the mentioned sector is in a position to endure innovations and site-specific outcomes. Recommendations that may solve the chose issue Adequate environmental management and planning can be the way in which tourism can contribute effectively to conservation. Poor environment management complex the tourism and hospitality industry to damage the resources and defer from conservation value. Tourist development needs to focus on those activities that permit conservation while supporting recreation. Management authorities of respective tourism organisations must implement sound planning tools and policies that help in achieving such aims. While the tourism industry, on the whole, has taken initiatives to protect the environment, the same is not applicable for individual operators and developers in the short erm. Research indicates that there are analogies to the industry, where degradation of the environment is now widespread (George et al. 2016). As cited by Luthe and Wyss (2014) tourism companies must have managers putting emphasis on environmental impact data. Information is to be critically analysed and processed for pointing out the needs of the future in relation to environmental sustainability. Information needs at this juncture include environmental sensitivities to tourist-related impacts; indicators of environmental change as a result of tourist impacts; environmental baseline data; and audit of actual impact. These are to be linked with the timing, type, location and intensity of tourist activities. Economic information is to be obtained on conservation values, economies of tourism industries and option costs of damage done to the environment. Briassoulis and Van der Straaten (2013) in this regard stated that evolution is to be brought about in the standardised environmental impact assessment tool though it is widely used the tool. The reason is that it is not suited to environmental planning in the present era. Cum ulative impacts on the social front and economic front are noteworthy, and thus companies must focus on assessing such cumulative impacts in the near future. Tourism and hospitality companies must consider utilisation of policy management tools and policy instruments for the betterment in terms of environmental impact. Such tools and instruments are to encompass three major aspects: multiple use strategies, intensity and zoning. These are to again fall under different categories of incentives and disincentives; regulation and surveillance; education; physical protection and hardening; and information collection and dissemination (Mson 2015). Further, environmental planning for industries can only be made possible when a broad perceptive is taken that covers domestic as well as international destinations, tourists, competition and costs. Efforts to construct guidelines on national environmental for tourist development would be highly praiseworthy. However, these ar to be integrated into comprehensive national tourist strategies. These are also to consider controls on foreign investment in land and tourist development, with the objective of countering the increase in vertical integration in foreign-owned tourist operations. Managers can abide by mechanisms for the generation of financial returns from the public environmental capital which tourist operators from the private sector use. One must keep in mind that these mechanisms are subject to risk and therefore conflicts on interests might arise in due course. Avoiding such conflicts would remain at the core of environmental protection. Strategies must also be particularly considering aspects of social equity. Lastly, tax instrumentations can be used for controlling tourist development by overseas interests (Dredge and Jamal 2015). There is a global need for conservation of natural areas of the earth. Environmental planning in a careful manner can be useful for the tourism industry as they would be able to generate profits without giving rise to any environmental challenge. Damage of environment is extensive, and thus, such measures would combat the indirect and direct impacts on human life on the whole. References Briassoulis, H. and Van der Straaten, J. eds., 2013.Tourism and the environment: regional, economic, cultural and policy issues(Vol. 6). Springer Science Business Media. Dredge, D. and Jamal, T., 2015. Progress in tourism planning and policy: A post-structural perspective on knowledge production.Tourism Management,51, pp.285-297. Font, X., 2017. Sustainability in the hospitality industry: Principles of sustainable operations. Tourism Management. 63. P.10. George, R., Barben, T., Chivaka, R., van Vuuren, M.J., Knott, B., Lehmann, S., Mulder, M., Nel, J., Nieuwenhuizen, C., Saunders, C. and Swart, K., 2016.Managing tourism in South Africa(No. Ed. 2). Oxford University Press. Hiltunen, M.J., Pitknen, K. and Halseth, G., 2016. Environmental perceptions of second home tourism impacts in Finland.Local Environment,21(10), pp.1198-1214. Lew, A.A. and Cheer, J.M. eds., 2017.Tourism resilience and adaptation to environmental change: Definitions and frameworks. Routledge. Luthe, T. and Wyss, R., 2014. Assessing and planning resilience in tourism.Tourism Management,44, pp.161-163. Mason, P., 2015.Tourism impacts, planning and management. Routledge. Michailidou, A.V., Vlachokostas, C., Moussiopoulos, . and Maleka, D., 2016. Life Cycle Thinking used for assessing the environmental impacts of tourism activity for a Greek tourism destination.Journal of Cleaner Production,111, pp.499-510. Mohammed, A.K., 2017. An Assessment of Tourisms Environmental Impact on the Lake Bosomtwe Basin.International Journal of Hospitality Tourism Administration, pp.1-30. Ouattara, B., Prez-Barahona, A. and Strobl, E., 2016. The dynamic implications of tourism and environmental quality.Journal of Economics Literature,44, p.R11. Zaman, K., Shahbaz, M., Loganathan, N. and Raza, S.A., 2016. Tourism development, energy consumption and Environmental Kuznets Curve: Trivariate analysis in the panel of developed and developing countries.Tourism Management,54, pp.275-283.

PSEUDOSCIENCE †CREATIONAL SCIENCE

How To Write A Last-Minute Essay

How To Write A Last-Minute Essay How to Write a Last-Minute Essay Sometimes students get caught up by time, and he/she is forced to write an essay uncomfortably quickly to meet the deadline. Students find themselves in this situation for either having postponed writing the perfect essay for too long or he/she has been busy to find the time and work on the assignment. However, do not worry, is it very possible to write the essay in the last minute. Needless to say, as a good and focused student it is advised you make preemptive plans to beat the assignment deadline and avoid last minute rush since it is not advisable for your grades. This article offers some insightful tips, do’s and don’ts on how to write a last-minute essay. Adopt the right mindset When it is too late to start the work, anyone can panic and restlessness. Such emotional discontentment would worsen the situation and make you lose focus. Remain goal-oriented and optimistic that you would meet the deadline and get to work. Last minute essay writing requires focus and attention and intolerance to negative thoughts. Plan and prepare your workstation Pick a good working station or create one. Ensure you have a comfortable seating position, clean environment and proper and lighting. Assemble all the materials you need for the essay writing and keep them on the working table. Â  Plan how to execute each of your tasks ahead and slot time for them. Start with the easier tasks and handle the more complicated ones later. Switch off your phone and social networks Distraction is the last thing you need when writing an essay at the last minute. To avoid unnecessary distraction, switch off your mobile phone and log out all social networking sites. This allows you to focus on finishing the work. The irresistible urge to open social network or your phone is much lower and aggressive is they are out of reach. Inform your friends and family members that you will be busy doing your homework for a while, and you do not need interruption or distraction unless it is a serious emergency. Read the question carefully Read and understand the tasks very well. If you rush to answer the questions, you are more likely to miss some details or give irrelevant information. Irrelevant information is the last thing you would wish to have at this time,needless to say, it would set you back and threaten your scores. Type your essay rather than handwriting it Handwriting and then transferring the typed work wastes a lot of precious time. Therefore, type rather than handwrite to save on the work. Keep saving your work as you go along. This is the last time you need your computer, and therefore ensure you save your work on your computer and online to eliminate any chance of losing your progress to an electrical fault. While typing directly into the document, make your notes on the document to avoid using hard copies that need more time to integrate into your final document. Rewrite the notes into the essay with notes or support sentences to explain them. Save the introduction and conclusion To write a good introduction and conclusion requires time, which in this case is in limited supply. Therefore, avoid writing the introduction and conclusion after you are through with the body paragraphs. Writing the body paragraphs would give you leverage in writing them. For the conclusion, try to rewrite the conclusion whilst reasserting the thesis statement. Wrap the conclusion with a good summative statement in an interesting manner that wraps the content. Do the references as you go along Saving to do the referencing for the last minute is not only time consuming, but also likely to do unintentional plagiarism. For each time, you quote someone, ensure you reference properly since tracking the quotes later can be time-consuming and could lead easily be missed. Proofread as you go along Ensure your work is perfect as you progress. Proofread as you go on writing the essay to avoid later revisiting the whole essay to find and correct your mistakes. It also helps to avoid leaving out important content in the essay writing. Each mistake is handled early and less likely going to be catastrophic. Don’t be tempted to copy and paste Do not be tempted to plagiarize your work. Do not assume your course instructor cannot note plagiarized work and if caught you will suffer grave consequences. Copy pasting also lowers the quality of your work since integrating distinctive texts from various sources may not be possible without proper synthesis of the information and editing it to fit your situation. Always remember, better late than never. Keep your style concise Do not attempt to try to violate the standard formatting guidelines according to the grading rubric. Large fonts, wider margins or over-spaced work not only looks ugly but also a sign of low-quality content. It also insinuates that the student did not do adequate research. Such theatrics are easily identifiable and do not assume your course facilitator cannot pick them up just by a glance at your essay. Take a break If you have to take a break, have it when you absolutely need it. Make it as short as possible and am sure you can also endure some pressure till you finish your work. Make sure you maintain your energy levels at optimum by taking a snack and keeping hydrated to avoid unnecessary breaks while working. If the scene you are working from is uncomfortable, try seeking refuge elsewhere where you can focus. Taking a break and returning to the same workstation may not be helpful in the long run. Concisely, the aforementioned tips and guidelines can be very helpful when doing last minute essay writing. This is the ultimate guideline on how to write an essay at the last minute, and hopefully, you found it helpful. However, do not dwell on it, rather get working to avoid the deadline from catching up with you.

Financial resources management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Financial resources management - Essay Example When all information regarding the financial and functional activities is informed to the shareholders and stakeholders, no issues of corporate governance are generally seen (Attenhauser, 2008). Separation between the management and the ownership gives rise to the agency theory. The corporate governance codes are needed to realize whether the directors are on the right track for maximizing returns of the shareholders. They are also entrusted by the owners to ensure that the level of risk is maintained reasonably; this prevents the company from becoming too dominant. Corporate governance should be elaborated as the best practice whereby a company is administered and controlled. This includes association between the various stakeholders of a company like, shareholders, management, employees, suppliers and regulators. The main goal of corporate governance is to deal with the issues that are related to accountability and duties of the company. These advocate certain guidelines assuring the shareholders that their rights are protected as well as provides with a message to the community that corporate social responsibility protects the environment in an effective manner (Mallin, 2011). It is observed that corporate governance had evolved in United Kingdom (UK) slowly and had responded to external events, besides increasing the demand for accountability in the different sectors of the economy. There were various reports that were issued since 1992, which were nothing, but a result of the emergence of corporate governance in UK. It elaborated codes for the best practices, which constituted the Financial Reporting Council’s (FRC) Combined Code on Corporate Governance, 2003. The codes were amended in 2006 and 2008 and were subject to review in 2009 (BBC Business, 2007). In UK, corporate governance is regarded as principle-based or voluntary approach and not a mandatory one. It is principle based, rather than

UCCs Effect On International Commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

UCCs Effect On International Commerce - Essay Example The third article provides for the transactions in commercial papers such as negotiable instruments and promissory notes (Hinkelman & Shippey, 2004). The other provisions are also important in trade since they provide guidelines on issues such as bulk transfers, secured transactions and dealings in investment securities such as stocks and bonds. The UCC applies to national trade, but would have positive effects if applied to international commerce. The UCC is designed for quick references on laws regarding formation of business contracts, expert analysis of the impact of various commercial transactions and easy handling of court decisions regarding disputes emanating from trade (Hinkelman & Shippey, 2004). The first effect of UCC on international commerce is facilitation of international transactions in the sale of goods. UCC will ensure that cross-border merchants have faith in sale of goods contracts due to the uniformity in the regulatory laws. The increase in foreign direct inves tments and growth in technology has led to emergency of new type of business transactions that require a uniform form of contractual agreements and legal protection (Hinkelman & Shippey, 2004). For instance, technology has allowed companies to sell digital products across national borders and multinational companies to list their stocks in different national stock exchange markets. In this case, uniform commercial code would be helpful in fostering international commerce (Hinkelman & Shippey, 2004). Uniform commercial code in the international commerce would be useful in curbing instances of international economic crimes such as money laundering and dumping. The UCC would be capable of offering legal guidelines that address issues relating to diversion of cargo in the high seas, counterfeiting and fraudulent insurance claims that are common in maritime trade. UCC will be useful in global tendering processes (Hinkelman & Shippey, 2004). The provisions will be important in ensuring un iformity of global tenders such as government tenders. This will ensure that contracting parties receive high quality services due to good faith requirements and transparency of the process (Hinkelman & Shippey, 2004). UCC will ease the international transfer of funds through creating uniform requirements in bank collections, settlements of financial securities and fund transfers among the international trade participants. UCC will create legal performance obligation to transactions involving a secured party. The code of business will guide the transfers of dematerialized securities. In this case, the final investors in the investment securities will have adequate security entitlement and right to receive any dividends accruing from their ownership of the security. Article 8 decomposes the security rights thus creditors are protected from the possibility of the investor of transferring such stake without informing the creditor who has some interest in the concerned security (Hinkelm an & Shippey, 2004). The impact of securing the transactions is to provide a relief to the lender through a security interest in the collateral and an assurance in the default by the borrowing party. In most states, the secured transactions use personal property, fixtures and intangible property as the collateral in the case of default. This code will facilitate bankruptcy settlements thus facilitating international trade transactions (Hinkelman & Shippey, 2004). Articles 5 of the UCC provide guidelines on the issuance of letters of credit by financial institutions. The letters of credit

Aquaculture And Fishing Industries Environmental Sciences Essay

Aquaculture And Fishing Industries Environmental Sciences Essay What are aquaculture and fishing industries? Aquaculture is the art, science and business of rearing aquatic organisms in fresh or marine water under controlled or semi-controlled conditions. The fishing industry activity concerned with culturing, processing, preserving and marketing of fish and fish products. Next, there are many types of aquaculture. For example, types of aquaculture are extensive farming or cage farming and intensive aquaculture. Furthermore, the types of fishing industries includes commercial fishing, fish farming, fish processing, fish products and fish marketing. Besides of types of aquaculture, there are also includes methods of aquaculture. Examples for methods of aquaculture involved open net pens or cages, ponds, raceways, recirculation systems and shellfish culture. However examples for methods of fishing industries included pole/troll fishermen, purse seining, gillnetting, traps and pots, harpooning and trolling. Aquaculture and fishing industries are considered as developing sectors in Malaysia. These industries are contributed to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), economic growth and providing jobs opportunity to communities as well as to enhance the welfare and quality of life. Aquaculture is the art, science and business of rearing aquatic organisms in fresh or marine water under controlled or semi-controlled conditions. Furthermore, the definition of aquaculture can be break down to two components such as the term aquatic refers to a variety of water environments which including freshwater, brackish water and marine and the term of Aquatic organisms that means the interest with regard to human food include a wide variety of plants, invertebrates and vertebrates. Aquaculture also is the farming of freshwater and saltwater organisms such as finfish, mollusks, crustaceans and aquatic plants. It is also known as aqua farming. For examples, aquaculture involves cultivating aquatic populations under controlled conditions and contrasted with commercial fishing which is the harvesting of wild fish. 1.3 Type of Aquaculture There are two general types of fish farming which are extensive farming and intensive farming. What is extensive farming. Extensive farming means the farming which is easier to set up and maintain because no need for advanced water quality control systems. Ocean waters near the shore with good tidal flushing are the place that most suitable for extensive farming. However, reliance on nature for water management make environmental problems happened. For example, the algae bloom is happened by concentrated waste and nutrients. The ways to prevent and reduce the risks to the environment are more exposed sites and attention to cage density can be establish for those countries that have the species already native in that area. Another type of aquaculture is intensive aquaculture. Intensive aquaculture encourages the use of intensive and closed-loop systems for aquaculture. In these systems, almost all the water is recycled with at most 5%-10% of water being replaced each day. Furthermore, as the water is in a closed loop, the waste from the fish will not impact the surrounding environments. The ability to stack shallow tanks makes intensive farming particularly well suited to flat fish such as flounder. The primary downside is the complexity of the recycling systems. However, intensive aquaculture also provides an opportunity for landlocked nations to become involved and stacking tanks that allows for large numbers of fish in a single facility. 1.4 Methods of Aquaculture There are five methods of aquaculture that included by open net pens or cages, ponds, raceways, recirculation systems and shellfish culture. Firstly, Salmon, the fish enclose in open net pens or cages that mostly exist in offshore coastal areas or in freshwater lakes. The high-impact aquaculture method commonly refers to net pens. This is because the waste from the fish can passes freely into the surrounding environment and contaminate wild habitat. Farmed fish can flee and compete the natural resources with wild fish or interbreed with wild fish of the same species that will compromise the wild population. For examples, diseases and parasites can spread to wild fish through swimming past net pens. Next, ponds is the place that enclose fish in a coastal or inland body of fresh or salt water. This manner is use to raise shrimp, catfish and tilapia. After that, wastewater can be contained and treated. The surrounding environment and groundwater can be polluted by the discharge of untreated wastewater from the ponds. Moreover, the construction of shrimp ponds in mangrove forests has destroyed more than 3.7 million acres of coastal habitat important to fish, birds and humans. Raceways allow farmers convert water from a waterway, like a stream or well and to make it easily flows through channels that containing fish. Furthermore, farmers usually diverting it back into a natural waterway after treating the water. If the farmers untreated the water, wastewater from the raceways can affect waterways and spread out disease. Farmed fish can potentially escape and compete with wild fish for natural resources. Besides this, escaped fish can interbreed with wild fish of the same species which lead the health of wild population at risk. Recirculation systems raise fish in the tanks where the water must be treated and recycled through this system. All the types of finfish species like striped bass, salmon and sturgeon can be raised in recirculation systems. Recirculation systems can address many environmental concerns associated with fish farming in which fish cannot escape and wastewater is treated. However, the costs of treatment for wastewater are expensive and very rely on electricity or other power sources. Shellfish culture means that the types of shellfish such as oysters, mussels, and clams can grow on beaches or suspend them in water by ropes, plastic trays or mesh bags. Mostly, farmers use filter feeders and clean water to thrive. This is because filter feeders can filter excess nutrients out of the water but the farming shellfish with high densities in areas with tidal flow can lead the waste accumulated. 1.5 Species Groups Species groups of aquaculture include finfish, shellfish, crustaceans, echinoderms and algae. The farming of finfish consider as the most common in aquaculture because it raised fish in tanks, ponds or ocean with the main purpose that is to meet the demand for food. Fish hatchery is an adoption that used to release immature fish into the wild for recreational fishing. For examples, salmon, carp, tilapia, catfish and cod are the types of fish hatchery. Secondly, abalone and oyster farming is the types of shellfish farming. Abalone farming began in the late 1950s and early 1960s in Japan and China. Since the mid-1990s, this industry has become increasingly successful. Next, over-fishing and poaching have reduced wild populations to the extent that farmed abalone now supplies the most abalone meat. Thirdly, crustacean farming involve shrimp farming and fresh water prawn farming. Virtually all farmed shrimp are penaeids (shrimp of the family Penaeide). There are two species of shrimp that involved the Penaeus vannamei (Pacific white shrimp) and the Penaeus monodon (giant tiger prawn) account for roughly 80% of all farmed shrimp. These industrial monocultures are very susceptible to disease which has decimated shrimp populations across entire regions. Echinoderm farming is one of the methods of aquaculture. Commercially harvested echinoderms include sea cucumbers and sea urchins. For examples, sea cucumbers are farmed in articial ponds as large as 1,000 acres (400 ha) in China. Last but not least, algae farming such as microalgae also referred to as phytoplankton, microphyte or planktonic algae constitute the majority of cultivater algae and macroalgae that commonly known as seaweed. Despite seaweeds have many commercial and industrial uses but they are not easily cultivated on a large scale. 1.6 Benefits of Aquaculture The benefits can be categorized into three general types that are economic, social and environmental. In the case of aquaculture, the potential for financial gains was the initial cause of growth in the industry. Social and environmental benefits are also being totaled as valid reasons for growing aquaculture sector in the United States. First of all, economic benefits gain from aquaculture. The income of country is generated for the communities and countries by aquaculture. For examples, exporting of aquaculture product to the foreign country can provides security to our economies and cultures. Next, many job opportunities are provided by fish farming from the view of social benefits in aquaculture nowadays. Aquaculture is the potential agriculture to provide those fishermen put out of their works as well as new recruits with a job in aquaculture. Lastly, environmental benefits will decrease the pressure on wild fisheries. The fisheries in many worlds are categorized at unhealthy or unsustainable levels. A growing aquaculture sector can decrease the pressure on wild fish stocks and provide market demand for farmed fish as great as the demand for wild fish. However, fisheries economics and policies have implications for the ability of aquaculture to replace or provide an alternative to wild catches. 1.7 Impacts of Aquaculture The main impact of aquaculture is the pollution of inland and coastal waters. Aquaculture is different with mollusk farming because there are many species of fish rely on a diet of synthetic feed in pellet form. This feed is broadcast onto the surface of the water and feed by the fish as it settles through the water column. Due to not all the feed is consumed, a great deal of feed can reach the bottom where it is eaten by the benthos or break down by microorganisms. This modification of the natural food web structure can significantly affect the local environment. Many studies have indicated feeding exceedingly in fish farms is the effect of changes in benthic community structure because a high food supply may favor some organisms over others. Moreover, tame animals may die in water diminish of oxygen resulting from microbial break down while the mobile population may transfer to other areas. Next, eutrophication is the second impact of concentrate fish culture where the water surrounding raising pens or the rivers receiving aquaculture effluent. Fish waste matter and fecal wastes mix with nutrients released from the breakdown of overfeed to raise nutrient levels well above normal, creating an ideal environment for algal blooms to form. The way to compound the problem is most feed that formulated to contain more nutrients than necessary for most applications. When algal blooms die, they settle to the bottom where their decomposition can reduce the oxygen. There is potentially that algal toxins are produced before they die. Then, the impacts of aquaculture is on natural stocks. Clearly, feeding fish is a fish leads to a net loss of protein in a protein-short world and directly effect on natural stocks, but aquaculture may have a plenty of indirect impact on the natural environment. Almost all the marine or brackish water culture is relying upon natural fisheries for some aspect of operations. Although more and more hatcheries are being constructed to provide seed for shellfish and finfish culture, most farms still capture wild animals for brood stock or for a source of larvae. In some cases, collection of wild-caught shrimp larvae to stock ponds has damage thousands of other larval species in the process. The full effect of removing natural fish stocks from food webs is difficult to predict. When fish are removed to make fish meal, less food may be available for commercially valuable predatory fish and for other marine predators such as seabirds and seals. This effect exacerbates large-scale problems caused by global warming and the El Nino phenomenon. The El Nino of 1997-1998 is considered to be the second strongest warm event in the tropical and subtropical Pacific this century. The shift in water temperature make a severe decline in biomass and total production of small pelagic fish leading to change food webs and a lack of fish meal and fish oil. Furthermore, there is habitat destruction in mangrove forests. There are over 400,000 hectares of mangroves have been altered into brackish water aquaculture for the cultivating of shrimp in Asia. For examples, farmed shrimp is used to raise the earnings of a developing countrys foreign exchange. Tropical mangroves are the habitat that prevent erosion, good quality of coastal water and cultivate many marine organisms. A sustainable and renewable resource of firewood, timber, pulp, and charcoal from mangrove forests are contributed for the local communities. These habitats are destroyed and it is very difficult for the rehabilitation is the one of the ways to build the bank of ponds for shrimp farming. Unfortunately, shrimp ponds are profitable only for a short term because they are limited demand in the shrimp market. Besides that, socio-economic is also one of the impacts of aquaculture. There are many countries that accept the aquaculture because income generated from the export of aquacultures products that can substantially can lead to a long-range social benefits. Furthermore, many rural communities also enjoy the employment opportunities which related to aquaculture but there are some conflicts happened when crash occurred between traditional employment and the aquaculture industry. The important is resource ownership of aquaculture locations is questionable. The economic benefits are more emphasizes compared to the issues of pollution and social problems. 2.0 FISHING INDUSTRIES 2.1 Definition of Fishing Industry The fishing industry includes any industry or activity concerned with taking, culturing, processing, preserving, storing, transporting, marketing or selling fish or fish products. It is defined by the FAO as including recreational, subsistence and commercial fishing, and the harvesting, processing, and marketing sectors. The commercial activity is aimed at the delivery of fish and other seafood products for human consumption or for use as raw material in other industrial processes. Fishing is defined by the activity of catching fish. Fish are normally caught in the wild. Techniques for catching fish include hand gathering, spearing, netting, angling and trapping. The fishing industry is made up of a great number of independent operators who sell their produce as independent contractors to fish processing plants. It is also made up of fishermen and fishing boat crews working for commercial fleets some of which belong to processing companies. 2.3 Types of Fishing Industry Commercial fishing is the activity of capturing fish and other seafood for commercial profit, mostly from wild fisheries. It provide a large quantity of food to many countries around the world but those who practice it as an industry must often pursue fish far into the ocean under adverse conditions. Large scale commercial fishing is also known as industrial fishing. Commercial fishermen harvest a wide variety of animals, ranging from tuna, cod and salmon to shrimp, krill, lobster, clams, squid and crab, in various fisheries for these species. Commercial fishing methods have become very efficient using large nets and factory ships. Commercial fishing gears today are surrounding nets, seine nets, trawls, dredge, hooks and lines, lift nets, gillnets, entangling nets and traps. There are large and important fisheries worldwide for various species of fish and crustaceans. However, a very small number of species support the majority of the worlds fisheries. Fish farming is the principal form of aquaculture while other methods may fall under marine culture. Fish farming involves raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures, usually for food. Fish hatchery is a facility that releases juvenile fish into the wild for recreational fishing or to supplement a species natural numbers. The most common fish species raised by fish farms are salmon, carol, tilapia, European seabass, catfish and cod. Increasing demands on wild fisheries by commercial fishing has caused widespread overfishing. Fish farming offers an alternative solution to the increasing market demand for fish and fish protein. Fish processing is the processing of fish and other seafood deliver by fisheries, which are the supplier of the fish products industry. Although the term refer specifically to fish, in practice it is extended to cover all aquatic organisms harvested for commercial purposes, whether harvested from cultured or wild stocks. The largest fish processing companies can have their own fleets. The products of the industry are usually sold wholesale to grocery chains or to intermediaries. Fish processing may be subdivided into two major categories that is fish handling and fish products manufacturing. Another natural subdivision is into primary processing involved in the filleting and freezing of fresh fish for onward distribution to fresh fish retail and catering outlets. The secondary processing that produces chilled, frozen and canned products for the retail and catering trades. Fish and fish products are consumed as food all over the world. Fish and other aquatic organisms are processed into various food and non-food products. Fish oil is recommended for a healthy diet because it contains the omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA), precursors to eicosanoids that reduce inflammation throughout the body. Fish emulsion is a fertilizer that is produced from the fluid remains of fish processed for fish oil and fish meal industrially. Fish meal is made from both whole fish and the bones and offal from processed fish. It is a brown powder or cake obtained by rendering pressing the whole fish or fish trimmings to remove the fish oil. It used as a high-protein supplement in aquaculture feed. Sea horse, star fish, sea urchin abd sea cucumber are used in traditional Chinese medicine. The Sea snails Murex brandaris and Murex Trunculus are used to make the pigment Tyrian purple. Some sepia pigment is made from the inky secretions o f cuttlefish. Fish marketing is the marketing and sale of fish products. It would require special facilities for transportation and holding in wholesale and retail markets. When they have to process before marketing it will undoubtedly be advantageous to link the production centre with transport, storage, preservation or processing system of general fish marketing. This will allow fuller control of market outlets and prices, allowing grater marketing flexibility. Method of Fishing First method is using a fishing pole and bait by pole troll fishermen to catch the fishes, encompasses from tuna to cod. This type of fishing is called pole troll fishing. It is environmental friendly and a good alternative to pelagic longline. Unlike pelagic longlines, the rate of bycatch I pole troll fishing is diminishing. Next, purse seining is use with a large wall of netting to enclose fishes. Fishermen pull the bottom of the netting closed like a drawstring purse to herd fish into the center. The types of purse seines used depend on which species of fish like sardines or other animals like school of dolphins. Gillnetting is a net that uses curtains of netting and hang with floats and weights. Function of floats and weights are to fix the net to the sea ground or make it to float at the surface of the sea. The purpose of this netting makes the fish invisible to it so the fishes will swim into it. Gillnets are used to catch sardines, salmon and cod yet the sharks and sea turtles accidently. Longlining is string with small lines of baited hooks and swinging at flat spaced intervals. It can be put near the surface or place on the sea ground to catch pelagic fish like tuna and deep dwelling fish. Lonlining also cause bycatch problem because some of the animals like sea turtle, sharks and seabird can be attracted to the bait. However, by lowering the longlining to deeper sea bycatch can be reduced. Trawls and dredges are nets set at different depths to catch fish. Trawl nets are dragged along the sea ground to catch fish like pollock, cod, flounder and shrimp. Meanwhile, dredging is carry out by locating a heavy frame that attached with mesh bag along the sea bed to catch animals which is living in the sand catches, such as scallops, clams and oysters. Both trawls and dredge activities intentionally can damage the sea floor and results in bycatch risk. Fishermen submerged wire or wood cages on the bottom ocean to attract fish with bait and hold them alive until fishermen return to haul in the catch. This fishing method is known as traps and pot. Mostly, fishermen catch lobsters, crabs, shrimp, sablefish and Pacific cod by this method. They have less negative impact if compare to trawls in unintended catch and sea floor impact. One of the conventional method for catching large fish and still used until today by skilled fishermen is harpooning. When a harpooner spots a fish, he thrusts or shoots a long aluminum or wooden harpoon into the animal and hauls it aboard. Harpooners catch large, pelagic predators like blue fin tuna and swordfish. Harpooning is an environmentally responsible fishing method. Bycatch of unwanted marine life is not a issue because harpoon fishermen visually identify the species and size of the targeted fish before killing it. Trolling is a hook-and-line method that hauls a fishing lines behind or alongside of a boat. Due to different depths, fishermen use different types of lures and baits to troll and attract for different kinds of fish. Trollers catch the fish such as salmon, mahi mahi and albacore tuna which will following a moving lure or bait. Trolling is a fishing method that will not destroy or harm the environment. Since the fishing lines are reeled in soon after a fish takes the bait, fishermen can release fish that is unwanted from their hooks immediately. Effect of Fishing Industries Overfishing occurs when fishing activities reduce fish stocks below an acceptance level. This can occur in any body of water from a pond to the oceans. Ultimately overfishing may lead to resource depletion in cases of subsidized fishing, low biological growth rates and critical low biomass. For example, overfishing of sharks has led to the upset of entire marine ecosystems. The ability of fisheries to naturally recover also depends on whether the conditions of the ecosystems are suitable for population growth. Dramatic changes in species composition may establish other equilibrium energy flows that involve other species compositions than had been present before. For example, remove almost all the trout and the carp might take over and make it nearly impossible for the trout to re-establish a breeding population. A sustainable fishery produces consistent output over an indefinite period without damaging the environment. It combines with some theoretical disciplines, for example preventing overfishing through a few techniques, like quota of fishing for individual, lowering the practices of illegal fishing. This can be done by implementation of related regulation and law, protected areas is created, restoring destructed fisheries and also organizing some campaigns and certification program. The main issue about sustainability is heavy fishing pressure, such as over exploitation and growth overfishing will cause the loss potential yield, stock structure will erode to the point where it loses diversity and resilience to environment fluctuation, and economic infrastructure and ecosystem will cycle between collapse and recovery. The resource usage in political goal usually is the weak part in the system of fisheries management because both having different objective in fisheries management. The political objective are to maximize sustainable biomass and economic yield, increase the employment in certain areas, and also secure the supply of food and production of protein. Ways to Reduce the Effect of Fishing Industries One of the ways to reduce the effect of fishing industries is stopping the slaughter. WWFs Global Marine Programmer is having cooperation relationship with all fisheries around the world with aim to reduce harm of ecosystem that caused by damaging and wasting fishing practices. They are focusing on work o f by catch since it was one of the greatest and most pervasive threats to the life in ocean. In the year of 2004, WWF created a Global By catch Initiative with respect to sustainable fisheries and species conservation. The initiative along with fishing industry, conservation organization, government and academia in searching the ways of reducing by catch and promote the ways to world. In order to reduce the negative impacts of fishing, the task includes combining conservation of fisheries management and strengthening fisheries policy, terminating the practices of destructive fishing and identifying selective fishing gear. The second way is to stop overfishing. In order to stop overfishing, a key area of World Wildlife Funds work on sustainable fishing is engaging with the fishing industry and governments to improve fisheries management. World Wildlife Fund also pay attention on incorporating ecosystem-based management into the way of fisheries are managed, such as reduce capacity of fishing to the levels that can sustain the marine ecosystems, reduce fishing pressure to allow over-exploited fish populations to recover and ensure the maintenance of healthy populations. Other than that, fisheries policy should be strengthen and promote fairer Fisheries Partnership Agreements for fishing in foreign waters and reduce illegal fishing. The following way is promoting sustainable seafood. World Wildlife Fund is promoting economic and consumer initiatives, and trade management measures that encourage sustainable fisheries. A main focus of work involves supporting the activities of the Marine Stewardship Council, an independent organization. It is recognizes via a certification programme, sustainable marine fisheries and their products. World Wildlife Fund established a Sustainable Seafood Choices project in 2005 to aim at the retail and market end of the seafood industry to support the MSCs work. In partnership with other Non Government Organizations, the project combines advocacy, strategic partnerships, and communications to raise the profile of sustainable seafood products with consumers and markets, and provide guidance on their purchase. 3.0 CONCLUSION In a nutshell, aquaculture will be one of the most feasible and practicable methods use to supply the demands of the world. But there are many challenges and difficulties for maintaining the profitability and environmental compatibility of aquaculture occurred. Many governments wish for the development, evolution and expansion of aquaculture which is concentrate and centralize on the economic growth. But some of the governments have started to enforce and actualize stricter regulatory recommendations addressing environmental and social issues to assure and fight on the sustainability of aquaculture. Malaysia has made evolvement and development in the establishment of legal and regulatory scheme which are having a positive effect on aquaculture growth at the beginning and with the requirements that people also have to maintain the balance of ecosystems. Fishing industries also play a significant role in contributed and fulfillment the various demands of people among the world. People can get sufficient and enough supply of fish at anytime and anyplace from global. Besides, it also provides a large number and potential jobs opportunity to the community and it will reduce unemployment eventually. Because of the high employment, income of the community and the income earn by country will increase and it will improve the quality of life directly.

Learning Disability Case Study Essay -- Psychological Assessment

A psychological assessment is a fundamental aspect in measuring intellectual disabilities (Drew & Hardman, 2007). Information provided from partaking in an assessment includes severity of the disability and an understanding of the individual’s limitations as a result of the disability (Drew & Hardman, 2007). Knowledge of these elements, as explained by Drew and Hardman, aid in determining the necessary supports required by the individual to help them cope with the disability. It is important that the assessment measures both cognitive and adaptive aspects of an individual’s functioning because, â€Å"Mental retardation is a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behaviour as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills† (Drew & Hardman, 2007, p. 19). Once an assessment of these areas has been completed an individual may be identified as having an intellectual disability. Information discovered by the assessment may lead parents to feel a sense of relief knowing the reason behind their child’s struggles (Lerner & Johns, 2012). With an identification the information collected from the assessment helps professionals provide better care and support to the child and their family (Drew & Hardman, 2007). Identification also leads to increased legal rights of a child for special education and access to essential supports and services (Lerner & Johns, 2012). Unfortunately, the results for an assessment may not be completely accurate, nor fully capture the child’s true performance capabilities (Drew & Hardman, 2007). Also, a diagnosis entails a label and Lerner and Johns (2012), explain that such labels can harmful for children. This diagnostic la... ...are or after their death. This planning will ensure that the child will be prepared for a life without parents to fall back on for support. Works Cited Drew, C., & Hardman, M. (2007). Intellectual Disabilities Across the Lifespan (9th ed). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson. Hallahan, D. P., Kauffman, J. M., McIntyre, L. J., & Mykota, D. (2010). Exceptional learners: An Introduction to special education. Canadian Edition. Toronto, ON: Pearson Education. Harwell, J., & William Jackson, R. (2008). The Complete Learning Disabilities Handbook: Ready-to-Use Strategies & Activities for Teaching Students with Learning Disabilities (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA.: Jossey-Bass. Lerner, J. W, & Johns, B. H. (2012). Learning disabilities and related mild disabilities: teaching strategies and new directions (12th ed.). USA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Can Divorce be Beneficial for Children

University I stared Into his uncontrolled, demonic eyes Just Inches from mine as I watched his body tremble and quake with wrath. It was an unbridled anger I had encountered many times before. I listened as the sharp words escaped his mouth, piercing me like daggers. Not knowing if any hasty movement would have dire repercussions, I stood frozen, heart racing, undecided of my next move. Helplessness filled my soul.I'd felt stuck for nearly 15 years now, married to this ticking time-bomb of a man, walking on eggshells dally, never knowing what was going to send him Into fit of rage. Why did I continue to stay? For the children. I had always been told that divorce was bad for children. I was afraid I would make a decision that would negatively affect them for the rest of their lives. But, in this moment I realized the abusive situation we all were living in was far worse than the possible negative effects of divorce. We had to find a way out.This scenario, drawn from my own personal ex perience, Is not as uncommon as one might think. People continue on In toxic or abusive marriages with the misconception that staying married will be best or their children. From my perspective as a single mother of 3 children who was in an emotionally abusive marriage, I have personally witnessed the positive effects that divorce can have on children. Especially, when there are cases of abuse both physical and emotional, or extreme contention within the home, divorce can have a positive effect on the children Involved.While I am only a witness to my own personal experience there has been significant research done on the topic of divorce and the effects, both positive and negative, It has on children. I will draw on the expertise of Jolliet (201 1), Clark (201 3), Amatol (2010), Coleman, Glenn (2010) as well as others, and their extensive research about the effects of divorce on children. Divorce has had a bad stigma throughout the ages because of the effects it was thought to have on children. It's often been heard, â€Å"We stayed together for the children. As divorce rates have increased, and no fault divorces have been Implemented, the perceived damage of divorce on children has started to recede. Particularly, under certain circumstances where there is much discord or abuse, divorce has proven to e beneficial for children. A divorce can end the modeling of a bad relationship, create happier parents, and a healthier environment for everyone, including the children. Historically, divorce has been viewed as a negative marital option and in fact, up until the sass's divorce was fault based.In other words, legally to get a divorce one spouse had to prove the other spouse executed a marital offense. This looked at as outcasts from a â€Å"broken-home,† Olive, 2011). Research ensued to back up these negative conceptions of divorce on children. The problem was, much of the search failed to take into consideration the effects of the pre-divorce environment . Figure 1: Shows the long-term divorce rates from 1940 – 2012. It shows the dramatic increase in divorce rates when the no-fault divorce was written into law. Source: Divorce recession drop rebound, with the 2012 rate (2014).Over time, as shown in the chart above, the no fault divorce was legislated into law, and helped to eradicate this stigma Olive, 2011). Divorce rates did rise dramatically until the early ass's, and have since populated, or even declined slightly. With this increase, people began to be ore accepting of divorce. Recent studies are revealing that divorce can have a positive effect on children. Much of the result has to do with how the parents handle the divorce with their children,; therefore, the positive effects are not Just limited to cases of abuse. As a result (of dispelling the negative divorce connotations), instead of divorce being taboo and frowned upon, people now view divorce as a second chance to be happy. Instead of being considered lost caus es, children of divorce can now be seen as resilient and able to cope,† said Jolliet, a partner at Randall & Sonnies, and family divorce attorney. With the â€Å"stay together for the sake of the children† mantra so ingrained into the ideals of society, the effects of these misconceptions of divorce still deter many from getting a divorce.So much historical research was done showing how children suffered from divorce either academically, or emotionally, and society for years has accepted this thought process. Unfortunately, this causes people to stay in abusive marriages, or marriages with extreme discord, far longer than they should, not realizing that they may actually be hurting their children far more than helping them. Brenda Clark, a child psychologist ND member of the Canadian Pediatric Society said, â€Å"If there is a high level of conflict, children appear to be better off if the marriage ends and separation occurs. Research now shows that children who were e xposed to marital conflict prior to the divorce, even in utter, were more likely to develop problems, emotionally and behaviorally (Coleman, & Glenn, 2010). There are abundant holes in past research that pointed at divorce as negatively effecting affecting children's well-being, and pre- divorce environments were not taken into consideration when making these assessments. Jolliet (2011) quotes sociologist Dry.Lisa Stretching as saying, â€Å"Perhaps we should pay more attention to what happens to kids in the period leading up to parental divorce rather than directing all our efforts to helping children after the event occurs. † Children in highly dysfunctional families actually show a drop in the level of anti-social behavior they exhibit after a parental divorce Olive, 2011). Many children, especially in cases of abuse and domestic violence, report feeling a sense of relief after the divorce (Clark, 2013). There are many positives that can come from a divorce for children.Di vorce can end the modeling of a bad relationship. When children are constantly surrounded by unhappy parents who are always quarrelling they begin to believe this type of behavior is what a relationship is be argumentative as well in their personal relationships with others, both in and outside of the home. I saw this happen with my own children. Their father was an argumentative person, not Just with me, but also with them. The rockier and more argumentative my relationship got with him, the more they fought with one another, and others around them.My relationship with their father deteriorated to the point that the bickering between my children became almost incessant. They could not be around each other without fighting. When we were finally able to separate ourselves from their father, the level of fighting dropped significantly, almost immediately. So much so in fact, that other extended family members around us remarked about how different their behavior became after getting o ut of that toxic situation. My children have each individually told me how much more relaxed they feel, and how happy they are to be out of that situation.When parents are able to end a bad relationship, and turn their interaction into more positive ones, they are able to monster what a healthy relationship looks like to their children Jacob, 2014). Another interesting concept to explore is parents who are able to get out of a bad relationship and find happiness, often have better interactions with one another, and this attitude spills over to the children Jacob, 2014). Attorney Steven R. Jacob states, â€Å"Although splitting up with your spouse is a traumatic experience, it's important to focus on the best interest of the children involved.Their happiness can best be attained by both parents seeking their own individual happiness. This holds true whether that they be together or apart. I have seen first-hand how my own post- divorce happiness has had a great impact on my children . They have all said to me how much happier they are now. For example, the first Christmas after we left, my then 13 year old son, came up to me and told me it was the best vacation break he had ever had. We didn't go anywhere, or do anything extravagant, but he told me how nice it was to feel calm and happy without his father around.Divorce can be what is best to create a positive environment in which to raise children. Divorce can ease the tension in a home, and relieve the household of unnecessary stresses that effect children Jacob, 2014). My children tell me all the time how nice it is to feel relaxed now. Alleviating the stress of not knowing what their father might do to them has allowed them to relax and come into their own. Having the ability to be relaxed has not only affected their behavior at home, it has positively affected their schoolwork, and all three are flourishing.Not all marriages that end in divorce are a result of abuse, or high levels of discord. In fact, res earch shows that there's a sizable amount number that can be categorized as â€Å"good enough marriages† without much marital discord at all (Kim 2011). How parents handle divorce with regard to their children is especially important in these cases. If a child has been exposed to little, if any, marital conflict, parental separation can come as a shock, and when this occurs children appear to be worse off than before the separation (Clark 2013).Oftentimes, children do experience a disruption to their well-being and have feelings of immediate distress during a parental divorce, but most reports show that after the dust settles from the divorce the majority of children settle into a normal development (Coleman & Glenn, 2010). Parents can avoid the negative effects of ivories on their children by learning how to co-parent in a positive way. â€Å"Research with effective discipline and limit-setting, is a powerful protective and resilience- promoting factor for children experien cing parental separation or divorce. (Clark, 2013, 2013). When parents put their differences aside and focus on the child's well- being, they are increasing the likelihood of positive outcomes on their children's well- being. Parents can also minimize or eliminate the effects of divorce by working on their interpersonal communication skills with one another, strengthening parent- hill relationships, mainlining minimizing limiting the the routine changes in routine for the children, and creating an open environment in which children can discuss their feelings Olive 2011).Going through a divorce is a difficult and emotional battle, and no divorce can really be categorized as a good divorce. â€Å"Today research has shown that one of the most important things divorcing parents can do is to educate themselves and understand how their actions along with the animosity they exhibit toward each other impacts their children in negative and destructive ways† Olive 2011).If parents show hostility toward their ex-spouse, talk poorly about them in front of the children, argue and continue to have extreme conflict during and after the divorce process, they are going to have a negative impact on their children's emotional well-being. Research has shown that ongoing inter- parental conflict is one of the most damaging aspects of divorce (Clark 2013). If parents can get along and work together the impact on their children can be positive. It's important for parents to put aside their negative feelings toward one another, and put the needs of their children's first.One effective way to do this is to develop a business-like approach to interacting with one another. Respecting one another, setting clear boundaries, and laying out ground rules for their interactions with regards to the children will all help parents to positively impact their children's well- being (Clark, 2013). Another way to create a positive impact on a child's well-being in association with divorce is to increase and nurture the parent-child relationship. Director of the Center for Family in Transition at Cortex Madder, California, Dry.Judith Wallflowers, said â€Å"what makes a difference to a child of divorce is a much more butte, much more elusive issue of how that child perceives whether he is accepted or reject by his parents† Olive, 2011). When a child is able to feel that their relationship with their parents stays intact, despite the divorce, they continue to feel loved, respected, and maintain a positive self-image. When parents share custody of their children, they each have individual time with them, giving them the opportunity to engage in more effective parenting during their time with the child.Parents who choose to utilize this time to strengthen their relationship with their children, and vive them undivided attention will allow their children to experience the full parenting of both parents Jacob 2014). Research has shown that good, effective parenting can quite possibly be the most important factor in determining a child's well-being after divorce (Coleman 2010). â€Å"In one long-term study, a good relationship with the custodial parent predicted fewer child behavior problems, better communication skills, better grades and higher ratings of adjustment (Clark 2013).The parent-child relationship seems to affect a child so much that psychologists now UT more importance on the family relationship rather than the family structure in terms of the impact it has on a child's well-being Olive 2011). â€Å"Parent-child skills, positive communication, and low levels of conflict and negativity are consistently associated with fewer negative outcomes related to mental health and with more positive outcomes related to social adaptation following a separation or divorce† (Clark 2013). When the routine off child is constantly disrupted, they have a difficult time feeling settled and grounded.When divorce transpires, inevitably disruption o ccurs in a child's day-to-day life. Divorce is often surrounded by stress, confusion, conflict, and disorientation (Clark 2013). If parents can work together to minimize these stresses, and their impact on their children, the children will be able to navigate through the divorce much easier. For a period of time, it was thought that equal Joint-custody (spending equal days in the month with each parent) was what was best for children, but research now shows that this causes too much disruption for the children, and negatively affected affects their emotional well-being.In fact, one Norwegian study showed that the closer in proximity a non-resident father lived o his children, the worse off they were in terms of educational attainment. It was theorized that this was due to the child having to split time between the two households, causing too much disruption to the needed stability in the child's life. The study showed that if a father relocated, it sheltered the child not only from parental post-divorce conflict, but also created a more stable home environment (Kali 2011).Now, this does not mean that all fathers should stay away from their children in an effort to keep the disruption to their lives at bay. Simply, it means that ireful consideration should be made, and reflection on the children's needs when determining the best way to create a stable environment for the children. Children adjust best to their post-divorce environments if there is as little disruption as possible to their schedules, activities, and social lives. The final parental consideration for positively affecting children of divorce is to create an open line of communication between parents and children.When a child feels comfortable talking about their frustrations, fears, or emotions about the divorce, they are able to maintain a normal sense of well-being Olive, 2011). While parents are in the divorce stage, children are more likely to feel loneliness, anxiety, sadness, and as a result lower self-esteem (Kim, 2011). If these children feel that it is safe for them to speak with their parents about these feelings, they can work together to get through them, and minimize their effects.It is imperative that parents communicate well and frequently with their children, and openly discuss their love and devotion to the child. It is important that children learn to understand it is normal to have a myriad of feelings about their own experience with the divorce. Learning to cope with these feelings can be a challenge for both the parent and the child (Clark 2013). There are many group support programs that have shown to be effective in helping both parents and children through the emotions of divorce. Group support helps reduce children's sense of isolation, clarifies misconceptions, and teaches how to problem- solve and communicate more effectively with parents† (Clark, 2013). Divorce should not be taken lightly, and while it can have negative effects on children, it certainly doesn't have to be that way. There are some cases, especially when abuse or mommies violence are is involved, when divorce is the best solution to an undesirable situation. It can redirect a child from a negative to a positive path of mental well- the parents are divorced.Getting children out of these situations actually drastically increases their ability to attain positive mental and physical well-being. In non- abusive, but highly dysfunctional marriages, parents have the ability to change their negative behavior towards each other during, and after the divorce, alleviating the stress of divorce on the children. When parents can create a better emotional environment for children after divorce, much of the negative effects of divorce dissipate, and the children can recover and go on to be normal, healthy adults.If you would like to learn mortem find out more about the effects of divorce on children, or if you have questions about my own personal experiences being in a n emotionally abusive marriage, and being able to get out, email me at [email  protected] Com. No abusive relationship is worth staying in for the sake of the children. If you find yourself in this situation, have the courage to get out. You will be better off for it, and our children will thank you for being strong enough to get them out of a terrible environment. As shown that the quality of parenting, as defined by warmth and nurture along 2013) When parents put their differences aside and focus on the child's well-being they are increasing the likelihood of positive outcomes on their children's well-being. â€Å"The quality of parent-child relationships is an important protective factor that predicts the long-term impact of separation and divorce on children. † (Clark, 2014) Also, if parents focus on their relationship with the child, putting the well-being of the child first, the child will feel accepted.

Photoelectric Effect Definition and Explanation

The photoelectric effect occurs when matter emits electrons upon exposure to electromagnetic radiation, such as photons of light. Heres a closer look at what the photoelectric effect is and how it works. Overview of the Photoelectric Effect The photoelectric effect is studied in part because it can be an introduction to wave-particle duality and quantum mechanics. When a surface is exposed to sufficiently energetic electromagnetic energy, light will be absorbed and electrons will be emitted. The threshold frequency is different for different materials. It is visible light for alkali metals, near-ultraviolet light for other metals, and extreme-ultraviolet radiation for nonmetals. The photoelectric effect occurs with photons having energies from a few electronvolts to over 1 MeV. At the high photon energies comparable to the electron rest energy of 511 keV, Compton scattering may occur pair production may take place at energies over 1.022 MeV. Einstein proposed that light consisted of quanta, which we call photons. He suggested that the energy in each quantum of light was equal to the frequency multiplied by a constant (Plancks constant) and that a photon with a frequency over a certain threshold would have sufficient energy to eject a single electron, producing the photoelectric effect. It turns out that light does not need to be quantized in order to explain the photoelectric effect, but some textbooks persist in saying that the photoelectric effect demonstrates the particle nature of light. Einsteins Equations for the Photoelectric Effect Einsteins interpretation of the photoelectric effect results in equations which are valid for visible and ultraviolet light: energy of photon energy needed to remove an electron kinetic energy of the emitted electron hÃŽ ½ W E whereh is Plancks constantÃŽ ½ is the frequency of the incident photonW is the work function, which is the minimum energy required to remove an electron from the surface of a given metal: hÃŽ ½0E is the maximum kinetic energy of ejected electrons: 1/2 mv2ÃŽ ½0 is the threshold frequency for the photoelectric effectm is the rest mass of the ejected electronv is the speed of the ejected electron No electron will be emitted if the incident photons energy is less than the work function. Applying Einsteins special theory of relativity, the relationship between energy (E) and momentum (p) of a particle is E [(pc)2 (mc2)2](1/2) where m is the rest mass of the particle and c is the velocity of light in a vacuum. Key Features of the Photoelectric Effect The rate at which photoelectrons are ejected is directly proportional to the intensity of the incident light, for a given frequency of incident radiation and metal.The time between the incidence and emission of a photoelectron is very small, less than 10–9 second.For a given metal, there is a minimum frequency of incident radiation below which the photoelectric effect will not occur, so no photoelectrons can be emitted (threshold frequency).Above the threshold frequency, the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectron depends on the frequency of the incident radiation but is independent of its intensity.If the incident light is linearly polarized, then the directional distribution of emitted electrons will peak in the direction of polarization (the direction of the electric field). Comparing the Photoelectric Effect With Other Interactions When light and matter interact, several processes are possible, depending on the energy of incident radiation. The photoelectric effect results from low energy light. Mid-energy can produce Thomson scattering and Compton scattering. High energy light can cause pair production.