What leaders do and what constituents expect

As man tries to find new alternatives that will create changes in the way they do things, it requires committed and dedicated individuals who shall serve as the catalyst for enactment. At the same time, it seeks to find new dimensions that will allow differences to come in. Seeing this leadership has always been an integral part in facilitating growth and development. Due to this, they can facilitate an avenue that is dynamic and competitive in orientation. Kouzes and Posner book showcases the fundamentals in understanding leadership. It seeks to cater to reader’s insights and opportunities to develop their individual skills in handling complex and difficult situations. Similarly, it offers case studies that can contribute to linking the theoretical value of leadership towards the actual application of such in different scenarios. By grasping the importance of such concept, an individual can be vibrant and adaptive to numerous setback and obstacles in nature. Reflecting on chapter’s one and two, it is vital for managers to recognize their roles in the overall development process within a specific organization or company. They need to revitalize these objectives and create a scenario that is encompassing and beneficial to each of its members and employees. Due to this, they must constantly equip themselves with new ideas and trends that can help sustain optimum performance in any given situation. Moreover, leaders must remain vigilant for the occurrence and escalation of conflict. At its early stage, managers must effectively point out new alternatives and ideas that can help provide solutions to these given setbacks. If ever the problem has been prevalent, head’s of organization and companies must efficiently determine what strategies can be made and practiced so that new trends can emerge. It is through the realization of how a situation can be used as an instrument for growth can mangers exemplify their skills and competency. On the other hand, equipping and recognizing the needed tenets among leaders can help solidify and strengthen their hold in a particular environment. As the workplace becomes diverse and complicated, leaders and managers need to realize that they must continue to improve in their communication and management styles to suit the needs of the majority. Seeing this, this is one process that can help shape their integrity and remain active in their individual endeavors to satisfy familiar goals and objectives. Similarly, this procedure can be enhanced by particularly reinforcing knowledge and skills concerning leadership. This can be established by further training and redefining of values and principles surrounding a particular realm. By constantly initiating training, management and companies can ensure that they are committed towards ensuring that accountability and effectiveness remain a key point in their system. In the end, leaders have the capability and potential to enact changes. However, one important determinant in administering these ideas is their understanding of specific goals and values that are associated with the trait. By seeking to reinforce objectives and maintaining integrity amidst the elements of controversies and setbacks, companies and organizations can push forward their interest while establishing a healthy relationship among its peers.

Marketing Mix of Nescafe Essay

Marketing can be defined as the process of introducing a product or service to the world for the purpose of selling that product or service to the customers. Without marketing, product or services cannot be successfully provide value to customers based on their interests, needs and preferences. Marketing not only based on the selling of a products or service, but also understanding the needs of the market and research and find whether their product meets customer’s needs or not and Improve. For the successful marketing of product and services we used different marketing techniques. For instance, most of the well established firms are using the techniques like marketing mix, target market etc. The Concept of Marketing Mix. Borden began using the term in his teaching in the late 1940’s after James Culliton had described the marketing manager as a â€Å"mixer of ingredients†. The ingredients in Borden’s marketing mix included product planning, pricing, branding, distribution channels, personal selling, advertising, promotions, packaging, display, servicing, physical handling, and fact finding and analysis. E. Jerome McCarthy later grouped these ingredients into the four categories. These are the 4 P’s of Marketing Mix .These four P’s are the parameters that the marketing manager can control, subject to the internal and external constraints of the marketing environment. The goal is to make decisions that center the four P’s on the customers in the target market in order to create perceived value and generate a positive response. Marketing mix is an important technique in marketing. By researching the market, the organizations identify the most suitable marketing mix. The marketing mix should consist of the right product sold at the right price in the right place by using the attractive promotional technique. In this assignment, am making an analysis of Nescafe by taking into consideration of 4Ps of marketing mix. To analyze the different products of Nescafe To analyze the distribution mix of product To study the pricing strategy taken by the company Finally, to analyze the different promotional method they used. Let’s see the evolution of the product. History of Nescafe The NESCAFÉ coffee you’re enjoying today is a perfect brew of the brand’s long-standing history, Nescafe begins at 1930. When Brazil had a substantial surplus of coffee, and needed help preserving it for Nestle. Upon the request of the Brazilian government, NESTLÉ began abrewin’! Our coffee specialist, Max Morgenthaler, and his team had a simple proposition – a delicious cup of coffee by simply adding hot water. With this guiding principle, the team worked hard to find a way to make soluble coffee that would not lose out on the coffee’s natural flavor. Seven years later, they found the answer. NESCAFÉ was finally ready. Named by using the first three letters in NESTLÉ and prefixing it to cafà ©, NESCAFÉ was the brand new name in coffee. First introduced in Switzerland, on April 1st, 1938, it was anticipated to be a huge success throughout Europe. However, because of World War II, its popularity took longer than expected. Soon af ter the first half of the next decade, NESCAFÉ was exported to France, Great Britain, and the USA. American forces played the role of brand ambassadors in Europe, because NESCAFÉ was a staple in their food rations. Instant coffee processing was invented by Japanese chemist in1901. Nestle revolutionized the way of instant coffee was made. Later nestle invented the process for dehydrating the concentrated coffee for improving the quality of coffee. On the next decade, Nescafe exported to France, Great Britain and USA. Its popularity grew rapidly and the production of its US plant was reserved for Military use. On 1950 onwards, teenagers one of the choice was coffee. Over the year the company concentrates in new innovation then, they introduce pure soluble coffee in 1952, roast coffee beans, and freeze dried soluble coffee in 1965. For improving the quality again they invented aroma process. These innovations help to Nescafe to the world leading coffee brand. Target  market Target market is a group of customers, who has the potential to buy services and products. The main strategies of the marketing are identifying the target market. The producer has to manufacture their products based on the customer’s needs and want and also implementing the marketing mix to satisfy its target group. Target market can be separated on the bases of demographic, psychographic and geographic. Target markets of Nescafe’s are coffee drinkers, specifically those who made coffee at their own home. So Nescafe offers a 100% pure coffee to the customers. Demographic factors Age: In the past, Nescafe focused on morning peoples only but now they are mostly focus on youth having the age of below 35 year old. Gender: The coffee drinkers are not to be classified on the bases of gender because both genders use the product. Education: A person who has the average level of education can easily grasp the method of instant coffee making. Income: The target group of the product is the peoples with average income and above. Family life cycle: all stages of families can use this product. Psychographic Factors Brand Consciousness: some of the peoples who prefer branded product only. So they prefer Nescafe. Nescafe is one of the leading brands in the world. Health Practice: peoples who want freshness in the morning or evening, they use coffee. Life style: The target markets of the Nescafe are peoples who lead the standard life style. Geographic Factors Region: Nescafe is mostly popular in the urban and semi urban areas. Density: Nescafe always focused on high density of population. In these areas the usage of the product is higher. Marketing mix Marketing mix is an important technique in marketing. By researching the  market, the organizations identify the most suitable marketing mix. The marketing mix should consist of the right product sold at the right price in the right place by using the attractive promotional technique. Product: The term product means anything that can be tangible or intangible, offered by the company. The company is mainly focused on customer needs and wants. Based on the value of the product, the customer should satisfy with the quality of the product. (Boundless) Nescafe is the one of the world largest leading coffee manufacturing company. They give valuable products to customers. They provide a wide range of coffee products for coffee lovers. Let’s see the different varieties of coffee product in the market. EVERYDAY COFFEE Nescafe classic: Nescafe Classic coffee is leading coffee powder that’s loved all over the world. Nescafe classic is a coffee that is for everyday use. It is a powered form and made with 100% of genuine coffee beans. No other ingredients are added to this product. Nescafe classic gives comfort and motivation. It can be prepared by simply few steps. Just take a spoon full of coffee powder and mix it with hot water and also add sugar to it. Now your coffee is ready. so every morning and evening it gives freshness to the mind. It contains 269 kj energy, 27g fiber and 25 g ant oxides per 100g packet. So this product is good for the health (Nescafe) . In an 8 ounce bottle produce 135-150 cups of coffee. Nescafe 3 in 1 Nescafe 3 in 1 is coffee is the combination of whitener and sugar along with coffee. So it gives a different taste with other. Some peoples are most likely to have coffee with milk. So Nescafe made this product for coffee lovers who like coffee with whitener. It contains 1758 kj of energy and 73.8g carbohydrate. Super premium coffee: Nescafe Alta Rica: Nescafe Alta Rica is the super-premium product of Nescafe and it is a full  bodied instant coffee. It contains 100% pure Arabica from Latin America. (Coffee Arabica is the species originally from highland of Ethiopia (wikipedia)). It is made from pure and natural coffee beans. It has intensive flavor and deep, rounded taste (Tesco).Nescafe Alta Rica is a slightly bitter and roasty finish coffee. Nescafe Alta Rica instant coffee rated 9 out of 10. It contains between 80-100 mg of caffeine per cup. (discount coffe.co.uk) Nescafe Cap Colombia: Nescafe Cap Colombia is another super premium product of Nescafe. It is the smoothest and fruitiest coffee in the Nescafe collection. It contains only 100% Arabica beans from South America. Roast the Arabica beans and create a medium bodied coffee taste. It has a fruity aroma. It also contains 502 kj energy and 34.1g fiber nutrition. This product is good after dinner coffee. (dicount coffee) Nescafe Espresso: Nescafe espresso is the one of the exclusive range of product in Nescafe collection Range. It is made from 100% Arabica beans, this instant coffee is so convenient and yet so flavorful. It is dark, juicy and aromatic taste. It contains 484kj energy nutrition and 21.5g antioxidants. PREMIUM COFFEE: Nescafe Gold: Nescafe Gold is the coffee lover’s coffee. It contains Arabica and Handful of Robusta Beans added for getting a smooth rounded taste. The roast they bring to Gentle Caramel flavors and finally getting a juicy aroma. It contains 269 kj energy nutrition and 27g fiber nutrition. Nescafe Green Blend: Nestle New Zealand has launched the Nescafe Green blend coffee.it contains 70% more antioxidants polyphenols than green tea. Nescafe Green Blend is a product made by unroasted green coffee beans and roasted coffee beans. This product has a high rate of polyphenol antioxidant (polyphenol anti-oxidant is an oxidant polyphenolic or natural phenol substructure. (wikipedia)). So  this product is very helpful for maintaining the body in good health over time. It is specially created by coffee experts for health benefits. (Nescafe) Nescafe Cappuccino: Nescafe Cappuccino is an Italian specialty coffee conquered the heart of people. It contains soluble coffee with whitener, sugar and topping. It is made of third of espresso (espresso is coffee brewed by forcing a small amount of nearly boiling water under pressure through finely ground coffee beans (wikipedia)), a third form of hot milk and third form of frothy milk. There are two variant of cappuccino. They are cappuccino chiaro and cappuccino scuro. Cappuccino chiaro made with more milk which is also called white cappuccino and cappuccino scuro is made with less milk which is also called dark cappuccino it also contain 1641 kj energy nutrition and 69.6 g carbohydrate with sugar. Decaff coffee: Decaffeinated coffee is a coffee that removes the caffeine by the process of decaffeination. The following picture depicts the decaffeination process: Nescafe classic Decaff: Nescafe classic decaff is a powered coffee after the safely removal of caffeine.it contains 100% decaffeinated coffee beans with refreshing taste. It contains 269 kj energy nutrition and 27.0 g fiber nutrition. Price: The second important criterion in marketing mix is Price. Price is the amount of money that customers pay in order to purchase a product. Price is very important to determine the company’s profit. Marketers should ensure the products price correctly based on the competitive products. Before setting a price marketers must aware about the value of the product. When considering the price of the Nescafe product. The company set the price in well-established pricing manner. The table below depicts the pricing strategy of the Nescafe product. PLACE This refers to the area where the ready product is to be supplied. There must be a proper place to keep the ready food products where the buyers are available. Besides the place, allocation and arranging of the product also has its own importance in attracting the potential buyers. Place also refers in making available the product at right time too. Customer makes decisions based on convenience and invests little effort in choosing Nescafe, since it is a convenient product. Intermediaries play a significant role in Nescafe distribution and exposure of the product to the potential customers. An intermediary constitutes stores like supermarkets, superstore, wall mart etc. Fig 24 (food basics) Promotion: Promotion is the last step of marketing mix. Promotion refers to increase the customer awareness of the brand or particular product and through this awareness they generating more sales and promoting the brand name into higher level. Promotional activities are very important for every product. Nescafe is the leading coffee brand in the world. This brand image is boosted up with different promotional activities at different times. There are different promotional activities for promoting their products and brand name. They are : Advertisement Advertisement: Advertisement is the one of the tool to encourage the audience. Television advertising and online media advertising are the two important advertisement used by Nescafe. The main aim of the advertisement is give awareness about the product to the public. Nescafe used different advertisement in social media, online advertisement, television etc. In store promotional activities: In store promotional activities are those activities done in the store for promoting the product. Nescafe used different in-store promotional activities. They are Poster (brodericks): Bill board (global advertisie): Attractive offers: Nescafe provides attractive offers to customers for promoting the product. Buy a 200g Nescafe gold and get 1 travel mug for free. (theodmgroup) Attractive packing: Nescafe products are packed attractively. This is the tool to attract the customers for buying that product. So Nescafe used different packaging for attracting the customers. Example: (free range) Conclusion: Through the detailed study of Nescafe, it was able to get a clear picture about the various products of Nescafe and the marketing technique adopted by them. It also helped to know about the history of the company. The success of the product lies in the organization and coordination of 4 P’s. They are product, place, price and promotion. Nescafe attract the customers by their brand name, product packaging and advertisement. It also conquered the beverage market of the world. Pricing tactics helps the product to fight against the competitors. Nowadays competition in the beverage market is too tough. However, they don’t give any reduction in the quality of the product. The promotional activities have done by Nescafe covers all means of promotions tools like online-advertisements, television, radio, social media etc. Through the publicity campaign they are trying to improve their brand name into higher level and within years they will become the top one coffee manufacture in the world. Reference: Works Cited /search?q=nescafe+arabica. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.google.ca: https://www.google.ca/search?q=nescafe+arabica&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSZxplCxCo1NgEGgQIAAgDDAsQsIynCBo8CjoIAhIU2xf-Gd8J9xnJDuQK0xCDHOUW_1hAaINQIFUbHVE1WK3WX6JMDjSEdKHVwPNaMNoxdjBLKxb_1LDAsQjq7-CBoKCggIARIEwmQCiQw&sa=X&ei=8MOsU6rDG4fO8wHnuIDgAg&ved=0CBoQwg4o Boundless. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.boundless.com: https://www.boundless.com/marketing/an-overview-of-marketing/introduction-to-marketing/products-placement-promotion-price/ brodericks. (n.d.). Retrieved from brodericks: http://brodericks.typepad.com/.a/6a010536ca9806970b0163044c8922970d-500wi dicount coffee. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.discountcoffee.com: http://www.discountcoffee.co.uk/products/nescafe-dolce-gusto-espresso-coffee-pack-of-16 discount coffe.co.uk. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.discountcoffee.co.uk: http://www.discountcoffee.co.uk/products/nescafe-alta-rica-coffee-500g facebook. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.facebook.com: https://www.facebook.com/Nescafe.CA facebook. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.facebook.com: https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=683891298343900&set=a.559895024076862.1073741828.540082329391465&type=1&theater facebook. (n.d.). Retrieved from facebook.com: www.facebook.com/10377001_712128892186807_5165054037162719655_n facebook. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.facebook.com: https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=641479015918462&set=pb.540082329391465.-2207520000.1403832018.&type=3&theater files2.coloribus.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.files2.coloribus.com: http://files2.coloribus.com/files/adsarchive/part_1293/12938055/nescafe-nescafe-more-bean-more-taste-600-54763.jpg free range. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.freerange.org.uk: http://www.free-range.org.uk/images/images/6583.jpg ggpht. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.google.ca: https://lh4.ggpht.com/rXRK1v0r4TblVOuVtkPhowI07cwRqPuZM3sc66VN8exp9B4T7HspTOyCWA6GNM-9NQme2ww=s114 global advertisie. (n.d.). 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Retrieved from www.google.ca: https://www.google.ca/search?tbs=sbi:AMhZZitLrEqULWPpGw51upcvBvd_1x8Ryy4LjYGsWBFdamRbSoP-MIcuY6FuMvAAZjZG3c62VMGxme02fPxQfGEFlLKSXZU0TkYWwA-fHXCo5R4CVe4Il1ebHk8vzRgLW7PuSJ1tFNcWNBjmrt3TCs5O-jvgn0-Z4hPwTLzRHkv8LalQpoK31Kl4nTYoW-BrD8w7j6M5mvLj_1c1INeyVWBuXq search?q=nescafe+3+in+1. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.google.ca: https://www.google.ca/search?q=nescafe+3+in+1&sa=G&tbm=isch&imgil=zDcJtNPTjMWblM%253A%253Bhttps%253A%252F%252Fencrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com%252Fimages%253Fq%253Dtbn%253AANd9GcT053DrIIVpJCAilAUoXraS1phXdKueUigNvt10pqsPY5cDTa36CQ%253B290%253B419%253BbhAV3sGTls search?sa=G&q=nescafe+arabica. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.google.ca: https://www.google.ca/search?sa=G&q=nescafe+arabica&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSZxplCxCo1NgEGgQIAAgDDAsQsIynCBo8CjoIAhIU2xf-Gd8J9xnJDuQK0xCDHOUW_1hAaINQIFUbHVE1WK3WX6JMDjSEdKHVwPNaMNoxdjBLKxb_1LDAsQjq7-CBoKCggIARIEwmQCiQw&ei=hMqsU67LEci_8QGQy4GACg&ved=0CBoQwg4o search?tbs=sbi:. (n.d.). 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Case reflective anaysis for desicion making Essay

Case reflective anaysis for desicion making - Essay Example Then I decided to sell the oversized room to the guest with a negotiable prize to reduce the lost and maximize the profits for the organization. After the guest check-in, the hotel manager told me that one of the up side stakeholder will came to the hotel that night and so I needed to organize the exclusive president room for him. But there was no more available room I could offer for him. I could only refuse the order and provide another room for the guest. After this, the hotel manager not satisfied with my decision, but there was no negative impact for my good job performance. Due to a continuous long term full room occupancy task, I got a promotion to be a higher-level manager in the Hotel. Analysis of Case Bounded rationality impact for my decision making I decide to promote the presidential room as a lower price to the walks in customer because of the bounded rationality. Bounded rationality is individual’s personal cognitive abilities to take decision towards rational o utcomes and optimal decision making style (Kalantari, 2010). Individual’s personal decision making is hindered by various external and internal factors as decision making is a complex process of understanding cognitive abilities and personal abilities. Sometime manager hold bounded rationality theory in to action for taking decision as neo-classical theory cannot justify and hold in real world decision making where the limitations are in excess (Saphiro, 1997). Foe example, selling the rooms with a lower price is a method to outcome the economic depression. As the manager, I should carry on decision while understanding objectives supports the decision making process for organization. Moreover the individual cognitive ability tends to impact the decision making process as cognition ability of every individual vary person to person. (Robbins and Judge, 2011). Therefore, I must kept in mind and help staff to make a better decision when they working. So based on the bounded ratio nality, I cannot sell the rooms with the normal price which will lead low profit for the hotel. Therefore individual’s decision making is affected and influenced by various elements of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that needed to understood in order to completely understand the decision process. Various methods can be utilized for making decision making as it can referred that individual sometime behavior of the decision maker directly associate the decision outcome (Nicholson and Snyder, 2007) Risk and uncertainty in decision making In hotel room management, which involves the sale of rooms to guests, several acts of risk and uncertainty comes up. These risks and uncertainties increase as the rate of options in decision making increase (Hissam and Daniel, 2009). The reason this is so is that hotel rooms come with different values and costs. In most cases however, customers do not come to request for rooms according to the value and cost of rooms. In such a case, the hotel sales manager is said to be faced with risk and uncertainty. The risk is in the fact that if the manager sales out the room at a reduced cost, there may be another customer coming in with the right bid for the hotel room. The uncertainty also has to do with the fact

Property Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Property Law - Case Study Example It certainly is true that the legal owner has the sole right to dispose of any fixtures to another party. Nonetheless this is not the same thing as meaning that the 'purchaser' of kitchen cupboards obtained under a subsisting hire purchase agreement would also have the same rights, since whilst s/he might romantically think of the chattel as 'belonging to' him/her upon receipt of it, under English law, legal title does not pass until the final repayment is received by the finance company. However, the chattel may not belong outright to the person in possession, particularly where the possessor has only a limited right to the land; for example the widow of a man who died intestate may be allowed to live in the property but not to dispose of contents left in a statutory trust for her children under 18. What is the situation if an ex-tenant of a shop has to leave parquet flooring she had installed at her own cost Would the landlord instantly be able to claim that it was a fixture, and therefore s/he was entitled to keep it, in the same manner a mortgagee of land has a better right to fixtures than the owner or other creditors The older cases in this area suggest that the courts know that in certain circumstances it would be grossly unfair for a landlord to benefit in this manner, not least because it would discourage tenants from improving and maintaining the property.1 For example, seventeenth century law recognised that trade and ornamental fixtures could be removed during or at the end of the tenancy.2 However, one must keep such decisions in context - the world was a very different place then, and there was not welfare state to lift one from penury in the event of bankruptcy. Contrary to the Grays' viewpoint it is herein submitted that this has never been the conventional jurisprudential view. It was - and remains - an exception to the general rule. The burden of proof remains on the original person in possession to prove that the chattel was not a fixture. Defining a Fixture The determination of whether a chattel was a fixture was generally understood to turn on the 'intention' at the time the chattel was affixed to the land. The rationale for this reading of the case law is that the only purpose the tenant had at the time of affixing the chattel to the land was the intention to use and enjoy the chattel. This view makes good sense - particularly in the burgeoning sectors of commercial leasing or renting of realty, where often the fixture itself is owned by someone else (such as shop-fittings, satellite dishes or a fitted bedroom under a hire purchase agreement). However, the earliest cases considered the degree or extent of physical annexation to be more significant. Blackburn J in Holland v Hodgson (1872) gives a sound definition of the 'objective test' of a fixture under English law at the time: "Perhaps the true rule is, that articles not otherwise attached to the land than by their own weight are not to be considered as part of the land, unless the circumstances are said as to shew that they were intended to be part of the landon the contrary, an article which is fixed to the land even slightly is to be considered as part of the land, unless the circumstances are such as to shew that it was intended all along to continue a chattel."3 The Court gave examples of fixtures which would not be considered to be attached to the

Freinheit 451 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Freinheit 451 - Term Paper Example The book is an excellent piece that combines enchantment with enlightenment and awakens the imagination of humanity. Fahrenheit 451 is set in the twenty-fourth century and brings up a new environment where the media controls the people, in addition to the problems of overpopulation and censorship. An individual citizen is not readily accepted and the intellectual is seen as an outlaw in that society. In this society, television has taken up the common belief of family ties. The fireman has become an igniter of fire and destroyer of books instead of an insurer against fire and its dangers. Books are seen as evil and illegal because they influence people to think and ask questions about the way things are done in that society. The story begins with an incitement where Montag meets Clarisse McClellan. Montag works as a fireman who burns books for a living. One day as he walks home from work, Clarisse who introduces herself to him approaches him. Clarisse is young, beautiful, and energet ic. She presents herself as an antithesis of anyone that Montag has ever met as she engages in a conversation with him especially in things that Montag has never considered. She is very inquisitive and she ponders about things such as love, happiness and the contents of the books that Montag burns. This character fascinates Montag (Bradbury, 1967). Over the next several days, Montag encounters a series of disturbing events that begin with his wife, Mildred, wanting to commit suicide through swallowing a full bottle of sleeping pills. This is followed by a strange occurrence that he encounters as he responds to an alarm about an old woman who has a stash of hidden books. When he reaches there, the woman stuns him by choosing to be burned along with her books. A few days after this, he learns that young Clarisse has been hit dead by a speeding car. This heightens the dissatisfaction in his life and he begins to find a solution by reading books from the stash that he stole from the fir es he started. When Montag fails to report to work, his manger visits him at his home and explains to him that it is normal for a fireman to wonder what books give and he elucidates how books came to be burned. As Beatty explains, special interest groups and other minority groups laid their objections to books that offended them. Soon, all books were written with intent not to offend any person. He explains that this was not enough and the society as a unit decided to burn books instead of permitting differing opinions from authors. Beatty tells Montag to take 24 hours, read the books, and find out whether they have anything important and then give them off for incineration. This turns Montag into a long and frenzy night of reading (Eller & Touponce, 2004). When he becomes overwhelmed of reading, he turns to his wife for support but his wife prefers television to his company and does not understand why her husband takes the humiliating task of reading the books. When he remembers Pr ofessor Faber, he decided to visit him so that he can help him. Faber tells him that the value of the book is in the awareness of the life in them. He tells Montag that he needs the leisure to read them and the freedom to act upon the ideas of the books and offers to help him read. Faber will contact a printer to reproduce books and Montag will plant them in the residence of firemen to harm the reputation of the profession and destroy censorship. This leads to a completely

Election Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Election - Essay Example Often, elections involve the candidates, the electoral body, and the voters. The aim of voters in any election process is to appoint leaders who will model the future of their society and country at large. In view of this fact, the participation by the people in an election processes empowers them by allowing citizens to create an influence in the future policies of and by their governments. This essay focuses on the United States Presidential Election of November, 6th 2012 and sheds light on the events that surrounded the win for Democrats and loss to the Republicans. It is worth noting that the United States has since the ratification of US Constitution in 1788 been an exemplary representative democracy. The United States depends upon a more complex federal system of government in which the national government remains supreme while state and local governments stamp authority on matters not reserved for the federal government. Basically, there are two types of elections in the US namely: primary and general. In primary elections, party candidates for the general election are determined. Subsequently, the winning candidates proceed to the general election as representatives of their political parties. Specifically, in the 2012 US Election the Democrats won the election due to the campaign strategy employed by their candidate, President Obama. The strategy was one of progressivism aimed at supporting an activist government agenda with a view of expanding economic opportunities and individual freedoms to all people (Perry 112). The strategy involved the inclusion of a multiethnic, multiracial, cross-class coalition consisting of African Americans, Latinos, Asian-Americans, the young, professionals and economically populist blue collar whites. Arguably, Democrats won this presidential election due to the shift in the demographic composition of the US electorate. The electorate shifted in a manner as to include more people of color, the unmarried and working

English Heritage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

English Heritage - Essay Example Increase people's understanding of the past" (Who Are We 2005). The Heritage achieves these goals and objectives by implementing various standards, by acting as a national and international champion for the heritage, by giving grants for the conservation of historic buildings, monuments and landscapes and maintaining registers for England's most significant historic buildings, monuments and landscapes. They also advise on the preservation of the historic environment, encourage broader public involvement, and promote education and research. They do these things while still caring for Stonehenge and over 400 other historic properties and maintaining the National Monuments Record. The organization also generates income for the benefit of the historic environment. The Heritage has come under attack lately for some of its actions, but at the same time has been lauded for its protection of historic buildings. There are some who believe this protection is the noblest and most worthwhile of all the organization's ventures. These national treasures are 'finite assets' that connect the ages, protect our ancestor's memories and preserve our heritage. Part of Britain's inheritance is all the structures that identify us as Britain. "English Heritage has the task of identifying and protecting thi... This paper will appraise the English Heritage protection system by examining its brief history and its present responsibilities. Along with that aspect, the paper will also show how the Heritage' various policies are perceived by the public. It will critique the current aspects and roles of English Heritage and outline opportunities for reform , the continuing reformation process that was initiated several years ago and continues to take place currently and how those reformations are changing the face of the organization. Also considered in the paper will be the group's various accomplishments, technological advancements in the system and future goals or the organization. Reforming the Organization In 2004, Heritage Minister Andrew McIntosh announced a number of reformation rights for owners of 'period properties'. Theses rights included statutory consultation and a new right of appeal. That these rights had to be announced at all is evidence that the reformation process had to be initiated. There have been many groups and individuals through the years calling for a more open and disclosing organization, but the organization seemed to defend itself by ignoring these calls.A study conducted by DCMS in July 2003 stated the following; "more than four in every five respondents favoured a single unified list of all heritage assets, and almost 100% supported plans to make the listing process more open" (DCMS 2004 pg 2). In considering these group's and individuals calling for the reforms other announcements at the same time concerning the reformation program included the creation of a new 'super

Capstone Experience (Employee Impact on the Plan )3 Assignment

Capstone Experience (Employee Impact on the Plan )3 - Assignment Example have a negative effect on the organizations performance as a whole. Bad behavior in an organization setting can emanate from the work groups, to which an employee belongs; bad or strict organizational culture and policies e.g. tight supervision; work attitudes; organizational politics e.g. favoritism in promotions, poor compensation policies, personal deviance e.g. verbal abuse, sexual harassment and endangering co-workers, etc. (Robbins and Judge, 2012). Deviant behavior has a negative effect on employee recruitment and training (Martinko, Gundlach and Douglas, 2002). For instance, deviant behavior can lead to favoritism during recruitment, demotivation of new employees, high employee turnover, resistance to change, unhappy workers, unsafe work environment, low employee production, hostile work environment, low-skilled workers due to lack of commitment from old employees to mentor and train new employees, dissatisfaction, etc. (Tina, n.d.). The overall ramifications of poor employee training like poor or low quality work processes can affect negatively on the overall performance of the organization leading to business failure. Therefore, it is imperative that negative behaviors in organizations are checked to ensure that employees are satisfied because the overall performance of the organization depends on the productivity of individual employees of the organization. Martinko, M., Gundlach, M., and Douglas, S. (2002). â€Å"Toward an integrative theory of counterproductive workplace behavior: A causal reasoning perspective.† International Journal of Selection & Assessment,

Obesity in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Obesity in America - Essay Example â€Å"Two out of every three adults are either overweight or obese.† (Obesity in America) Two out of three adults, this is spreading at a very alarming pace and something concrete should be done about this. We put on weight when we consume more calories than we burn, eating anything and everything is fine as long as we are able to burn it but the problem starts when one begins to put on weight, the desire to flex muscles drastically reduce when one starts putting on weight, the person’s stamina takes a toll and he starts feeling lazy, this is just the tip of the iceberg. There are a plethora of problems which come with obesity; the biggest of them all is overspending. Obese people are prone to spending; they indulge in unwanted fantasies which are both expensive and unhealthy. For instance, a person who loves eating chocolate cakes would never get enough of it and would definitely eat as many as plausible even after knowing the fact that he is obese, this is where self-control comes into play but obese people have no self control which is why they turn obese. Some people may have genetic problem and may be excluded but most others have very little or no self control overall. â€Å"If Americans have such a large problem with their weight, why don’t they do something about it? They are trying. There is much money being spent on obesity in America. Market research firm, Market data, found that Americans spent 59 billion dollars on weight loss in 2008. All of that money spent and only 2 percent of the people who actually lose weight will be able to keep the weight off longer than 5 years.† (Weight Loss Attempts) Weight loss pills are nothing but eyewash, the biggest problem is not being able to stay fit, running thirty minutes a day is more than good enough to be fit. There is another problem, some obese people do get lucky, they shed a little bit of weight by

Globalization or inter-nationalization Essay Example for Free

Globalization or inter-nationalization Essay Whether we call it globalization or inter-nationalization, very few people, organizations or states stand to benefit To what extent do you agree with this statement? Globalization is without doubt it is a buzz word of the time it is a word that seems to be constantly mentioned in the news on the television or radio. But what does living in a globalized world really mean? As a starting point this essay will attempt to interpret its meaning by applying four main theories and using these theories to discuss the impact of globalization on individuals, organisations and states. It will go on to explore three different perspectives on global change and how each perspective might view its effects including identifying possible weaknesses in their arguments. This will enable a decision to be made as to what extent the question whether we call it globalization or inter-nationalization, very few people, organisations or states stand to benefit can be agreed with. Globalization can be characterized by four distinctive features. First it involves a stretching of social, political and economic activities across nation-state boundaries. What is happening on what might be geographically the other side of the world, affects the other and specific local developments can have considerable global consequences. Examples of this would be global climate change, environmental issues such as pollution into the atmosphere and oceans, poverty etc. We are all losers in terms of global problems such as pollution acid rain, toxic waste etc and it extremely daunting to think that we are totally limitless in our control of them. For example, in April 1986 an accident occurred at the Chernobyl nuclear power station in the USSR. This caused a cloud carrying radioactive particles to hit Britain. Ten years on, as a result of the fall-out, 70,000 sheep in Cumbria remained contaminated (Cochrane, A. and Pain, K. (2004), p.18). Second, it is marked by the intensification of flows of trade. Technological developments have accelerated over the past 20 years the introduction of mobile phones, the internet, satellite television means that communication across the planet is virtually instantaneous. There are hundreds of satellites floating above the earth, each one carrying a huge amount of information. Physical distance is no longer an issue we are being brought much closer to news/issues/events from around the world this could be seen as good or bad although for the ones that have it, access to much more information has to be a good thing. Losers would undoubtedly be people without internet access and organisations with a less developed communication infrastructure. The way people work is changing working from home is now much more viable and this has to be a good thing for individuals and companies because it provides more flexibility all round. Third, it can be linked to increasing interpenetration or the bringing together distant cultures and societies face to face with each other at local level, good examples of this would be Microsoft, Coca Cola, McDonalds and Starbucks. This could be seen as good or bad, many people dont like the fact that these huge companies put smaller privately owned companies out of business and that everything is becoming so uniformed local places with character are being lost. Global trade on the whole is increasing which may mean more jobs, better employment prospects for some but on the down sound it may also mean many home communities are devastated when local companies are bought out by multinational ones that cut wages and benefits and/or moves production overseas. This could lead to the inequality gap widening further which will ultimately cause conflict and potentially from this point of view we are all losers here too. And forth, the development of a global infrastructure the authority of nations is territorially bound therefore international organisations such as The United Nationals, The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organisation all play a part in regulating and governing the global system and are new forms of agency brought about because of globalization. It could be argued that in this borderless economy, nation states have no option but to accommodate global market forces due to their power, limiting their options. Furthermore, a growth in international trade (often due to lower trade barriers) will encourage more competition. This could be seen as having winners and losers but reducing trade barriers in particular may reduce the role of governments which, in turn, could encourage corruption. There is no doubt that many developing countries have increased their share of world trade as a result of globalization although this may be at the detriment of the poorer countries. There are three positions which all have a different perspective on the term globalization; these are the globalist, inter-nationalist and transformationalist and all three have strengths and weaknesses to their arguments. Globalists on the whole see Globalisation as something that is real and is happening that changes are happening socially and economically and that it is an inevitable, irreversible development that should not be resisted. But globalists themselves fall into two categories optimistic/positive globalists and pessimistic globalists. Optimistic/positive Globalists view it as a process that is beneficial. They would probably disagree with the statement that very few people, organizations or states stand to benefit because they welcome the changes that it brings such as improvement on the quality of life, raising living standards and the bringing together of societies and cultures promoting a better understanding of each other. They acknowledge that globalisation is not all good news, that with it issues such as global environmental pollution, for example, but want citizens to take responsibility for their actions, to look for ways of minimising the damage through their own actions and through the use of new technologies. They may have overlooked however, that local Governments/authorities may be limited in their actions in relation to worldwide/global issues and that globalization is certainly not developing in an even handed way. In Tony Giddens Reith Lecture he quotes Globalisation some argue creates a world of winners and losers, a few on the fast track to prosperity, the majority condemned to a life of misery and despair and indeed the statistics are daunting. The share of the poorest 5th of the worlds population in global income has dropped from 2.3% to 1.4% over the past 10 years. The proportion taken by the richest 5th on the other hand has risen (Tony Gidden Reith Lecture Runaway World 1999). Pessimistic globalists regard it with hostility, believing that it increases inequality between nations, threatens employment and hinders social progress. Moreover they believe that globalization is making the world become more homogeneous with the demise of sovereignty and national identities as well as the demise of politicians capabilities to influence events. A pessimistic view would probably be that only the giant multi-national companies (usually American) stand to benefit since the US has a dominant economic, cultural and military position in the global scheme of things. They would probably view globalization as nothing more than corporate hegemony and would definitely agree with the statement about very few people, organizations or states benefiting. A weakness of the pessimistic globalist view is that they dont seem to have a clear solution to the problem, its like they want to reverse time and go back to how it was. They undermine the existing structure but have no idea abo ut any clear alternatives. According to the inter-nationalists all the talk about globalization is exactly that just talk. They believe that the world carries on much the same as it ever did that it isnt especially different from that which existed in previous periods and that increases in global trade across the world is just progression based on world trading links that have been established for many years a continuation of the past. They argue that a good deal of economic exchange is between regions rather than being truly worldwide, for example countries of the European Union mostly trade among themselves. This whole view seems unrealistic. World financial flows have grown exponentially since the 1970s and advances in technology have undoubtedly helped with transactions becoming instantaneous with 24 hour global financial markets. International trade has also grown to unprecedented levels and involves a much wider range of goods and services. As a result a weakness of theirs would be that underestimate the power of nation states and possibly put too much faith in the capabilities of national governments. The third transformationslists is somewhere in between the two. They believe that something is happening, that changes are taking place and that the effects of globalisation should not be underestimated. Unlike the globalists they believe that nothing is pre-determined or inevitable and that national, local and other agencies still have room for manoeuvre and that maybe new solutions may have to be found. A strength of the transformationalist is that they see sovereignty as having to be shared among other private and public agencies. They would probably sit on the fence as to whether people, organizations or states stand to benefit from globalization. Some people do benefit, some dont. Some organisations benefit, some dont, and so on. It might depend on who you are, what you are, where you live etc. A weakness of the transformationalist would be that they are somewhat blinded by the scale of global inequalities that are developing as a result of rationalisation as they tend to have more of a regional focus. The word globalization seems to have come from no where to be almost everywhere. Globalisation is political, technological, cultural and economic, it affects everyone and its effects can be seen everywhere. There are winners and losers but with reference to the original question in the introductory paragraph personally it would have to be a disagreement with this statement. Globalization is not something that should be shirked but the challenges it presents need to be controlled because it is now part of the way we live and its not going to go away. Metaphorically speaking it may mean a shrinking world but it is creating something that has never existed before and it is without doubt changing our world, for better or worse, no matter where or whom we happen to be. References Cochrane, A. and Pain, K, A globalizing society in Held, D. (ed) (2004) Gidden Reith, A. Lecture Runaway World (1999) Held, D. A globalizing world? Culture, economics, politics, London, Routledge/The Open University

Colonialism in Ireland and Australia

Colonialism in Ireland and Australia A CRITICAL COMPARISON OF THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHIES OF COLONIALISM IN IRELAND AND AUSTRALIA Table of Contents (Jump to) Introduction Background Historical Geography Colonialism Post-Colonialism and Said’s ‘Orientalism’ Similarities between Australia and Ireland Differences between Australia and Ireland The notion of ‘discovery’ Conclusion Works Cited Introduction This essay will compare the historical geographies of colonialism in Ireland and Australia. First, it defines what we mean by ‘historical geography’ as this is fundamental to how this analysis will be made. Second, it discusses what we mean by colonization and why it plays such a central role in historical geography. Third, it discusses the work of Edward Said, and in particular Orientalism. It compares and contrasts the colonial experiences of Australia and Ireland within this context. Fourth, it explores the notions of ‘exploration’ and ‘conquering’ using early maps of Australia and Ireland. Ireland and Australia are both post-colonial nations and there is a multitude of similarities in their historical geographies. Yet Ireland and Australia were fundamentally different places in the pre-colonialism era and remain so in the era of post-colonialism. This essay will compare and contrast the similarities and differences of their colonial histories. Background Historical Geography For the purposes of this essay, ‘historical geography’ is defined as a division of geography that concerns itself with â€Å"how cultural features of the multifarious societies across the planet evolved and came into being† (Wikipedia, 2006b). The discipline has traditionally considered the â€Å"spatial- and place- focused orientation of geography, contrasting and combining the spatial interests of geography with the temporal interests of history, creating a field concerned with changing spatial patterns and landscapes† (Guelke, 1997: 191). As Donald Meinig, one of the most influential American historical geographers once stated: â€Å"I have long insisted that by their very nature geography and history are analogous and interdependent fields† (1989: 79). Colonialism Any discussion of colonialism also requires a definition of what we mean by the term. Colonialism is one of the most important features of ‘modern’ history and, some might argue, the undertaking that led to the birth of ‘geography’ in the first place. To define colonialism we must first define two other key terms in history: empire and imperialism. The historian Michael Doyle defines empire as â€Å"a relationship, formal or informal, in which one state controls the effective political sovereignty of another political society. It can be achieved by force, by political collaboration, economic, social, or cultural dependence† (in Said, 1993). Imperialism is broadly the practice, the theory and the way of thinking of a dominating centre that controls a far-off land (Said, 1993); as Doyle states, â€Å"imperialism is simply the process or policy of establishing or maintaining empire† (in Said, 1993). Within this context, colonialism can be defined as the â€Å"implanting of settlements on distant territory† and is virtually always a result of imperialism (Said, 1993). To analyse and contrast colonial experience, as well as to understand why colonialism figures so prominently in the discourse of historical geography, one must try to understand the sheer scale of colonial expansion. As Said (1993: 1) explains: Western power allowed the imperial and metropolitan centres at the end of the nineteenth century to acquire and accumulate territory and subjects on a truly astonishing scale. Consider that in 1800, Western powers claimed fifty-five percent, but actually held approximately thirty-five percent, of the earth’s surface. But by 1878, the percentage was sixty-seven percent of the world held by Western powers, which is a rate of increase of 83,000 square miles per year. By 1914, the annual rate by which the Western empires acquired territory has risen to an astonishing 247,000 square miles per year. And Europe held a grand total of roughly eighty-five percent of the earth as colonies, protectorates, dependencies, dominions and Commonwealth †¦ No other associated set of colonies in history were as large, none so totally dominated, none so unequal in power to the Western metropolis†¦ The scale of British colonialism in 1897 is visible in Map 1, marked in pink. Map 1. The British Empire Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire Map 2 shows all territories ruled by the British Empire (1762-1984) and England (1066-1707) – Ireland and Australia are coloured orange to signify that they were ‘Dominions’ of the British Empire. Map 2. All territories ruled by England and the British Empire Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire Post-Colonialism and Said’s ‘Orientalism’ One of the most influential texts on post-colonialism discourse is undoubtedly Edward Said’s book Orientalism, originally published in 1978. ‘Orientalism’ is, in essence, the ‘study of Near and Far Eastern societies and cultures by Westerners’ (Wikipedia, 2006c). Since the publication of Said’s book, the term became (rightly) laden with negative connotations; Said’s book was at heart a critique of Orientalism as â€Å"fundamentally a political doctrine that willed over the Orient because the Orient was weaker than the West, which elided the Orient’s difference with its weakness†¦As a cultural apparatus Orientalism is all aggression, activity, judgment, will-to-truth, and knowledge†. The book serves as the basis for one of the primary dichotomies in the study of human geography: ‘us’ and ‘other’ (or the ‘Orient’/‘Occident’ distinction). Similarities between Australia and Ireland It is in this context that we can identify the primary similarity between the historical geographies of Ireland and Australia. If within this context we are meant to define the ‘colonisers’ as ‘us’ (i.e., those involved in Western geographical discourse) and the ‘colonised’ as ‘them’ or ‘other’, we reach a crucial problematic area with regards to the two nations at hand. Ireland and Australia are both nations left out of the post-colonial dialogue even though they are undeniably post-colonial. However, discussing these two nations within the dialogue of post-colonialism would ignore the fact that they are both relatively wealthy nations, members of the First World, with few similarities to the nations that are generally being discussed within the sphere. Yet, within the framework of ‘other’, they do share many similarities mainly because they are both peripheral from a Euro-centric viewpoint (Litvack, 2006: 2) – though this, economically at least, is increasingly untrue concerning Ireland. Macintyre (1999: 24) writes with regard to Australia: The Orient came to stand for a whole way of life that was inferior to that of the West: indolent, irrational, despotic, and decayed. Such typification of the alien and other, which the critic Edward Said characterizes as Orientalism, had a peculiar meaning in colonial Australia where geography contradicted history. Fascination and fear mingled in the colonists’ apprehension of the zone that lay between them and the metropole. As a British dependency, Australia adopted the terminology that referred to the Near, Middle and Far East until, under threat of Japanese invasion in 1940, its prime minister suddenly recognized that â€Å"What Great Britain call the Far East is to us the Near North†. Slemon has argued for a discussion within post-colonial discourse of a â€Å"Second World† to accommodate those nations that cannot place themselves â€Å"neatly on one side or the other of the ‘colonizer/colonized’ binary† (Kroeker, 2001: 11). After all, both nations could be considered not just ‘victim’ but also ‘accomplice’ and ‘beneficiary’ of colonialism (Litvack, 2006). Slemon’s idea is helpful in creating an alternative for the â€Å"difficult examples of post-colonial, white, settler cultures† like that of Australia, New Zealand and Canada. Though Ireland is different, one could easily argue that the ‘Second World’ is a better fit than the ‘Third’. In short, Ireland and Australia’s position in between these two very separate worlds of ‘colonizer’ and ‘colonized’ is an underlying similarity in their historical geographies of colonialism. Differences between Australia and Ireland There is an important discrepancy within the context of ‘Orientalism’ between Australia and Ireland. Abiding by the rules of historical geography, just as humans make their cultures and ethnic identities we also make our own histories. More often than not, memory is matched to history but as Collingwood (1970 in McCarthy, no date: 13) states â€Å"memory is not history, because history is a certain kind of organized or inferential knowledge, and memory is not organized, not inferential at all†. Though undoubtedly ‘memory’ impinges on Irish history the same as any other, Irish history at least seems to have some type of consensus. On the other hand, there are two distinct versions of Australian history: one that begins when the British landed in Botany Bay in 1788, and one that begins at least 40,000 (and possibly 120,000) years before that. Conventional Australian history to this day remains the version that begins with the arrival of the British â₠¬â€œ as the old African proverb goes: only when lions have historians will the hunters cease to be heroes. Key to the differences between Australia and Ireland in this context are issues of ‘domination’ and ‘race’. The underlying argument here is that whilst the Irish were undoubtedly oppressed by British rule, it was a fundamentally different kind of oppression than that faced by Australia’s Aboriginals. The domination and repression of the Irish during British colonial rule was done in the context of engagement. The ‘native’ Irish were certainly disadvantaged by the British, and this was a typical feature of colonialism – Meinig has long drawn attention, within his geographical analysis of imperial expansion, to the employment of supreme political authority by the invaders over the invaded (Meinig, 1989). The relationship between the British and the Irish fits very neatly into Meinig’s theories of subjugation. One of his arguments is that the goal of imperial expansion was to extract wealth and in doing so to forge new economic relationships to reach these ends. The political authority of the British (invaders) over the Irish (invaded) is illustrated by the manipulation of ethnic and religious identities that occurred â€Å"in order to keep the subject population from uniting against the occupying power† (Wikipedia, 2006a). Economic exploitation und er British rule had an â€Å"ethnic (and latently nationalist) dimension because it was expressed through religious discrimination† (Komito, 1985: 3). The legacy of this ‘divide and rule’ strategy (as well as the link between religion and nationalism) remains in Ireland today. The Great Irish Famine remains, to this day, â€Å"the defining moment in Irish†¦history† (Kenny, 2001). Between 1840 and 1850, the Irish population was reduced from 8.2 million to 4.1 million – including out-migration as well as deaths from starvation (Guinnane, 1998). Irish land was by and large owned by English landlords and worked by Irish tenants; at the time of the famine, these peasants had to choose between paying the rent for the land with their other crops (and possibly starving), or eating their rent and being liable to eviction. The British government first ignored the famine and when relief effort was made it was erratic and unreliable. â€Å"Many had died from starvation; those who emigrated, and those who survived in Ireland, remembered the inadequate and uncaring response of Britain. More than any other single event in history, the Famine came to epitomize, for many Irish people, the quintessential example of British attitudes to its neighbour† (Komito, 2006: 3). On the other hand, the policy of the British towards the Aboriginals in Australia was not one of subjugation but extermination. Whereas most of the Irish in Ireland (as well as the estimated 80 million Irish that live abroad) proudly claim Celtic ancestry, the natives in Australia suffered a dramatic decline with European settlement, brought on by the â€Å"impact of new diseases, repressive and often brutal treatment, dispossession, and social and cultural disruption and disintegration† (Year Book Australia, 1994). Conservative estimates of the Aboriginal population pre-1788 place the figure at somewhere around 300,000, though many anthropologists now believe there were probably closer to one million Aboriginals in 1788. Data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics reveals that in 1966 (approaching the ‘bicentennial’ of the ‘founding’ of Australia that was so widely – and rightly – protested by the Aboriginal population) there were onl y 80,207 ‘indigenous’ members of the population. Even if one assumes (or accepts) a figure of zero population growth, this figure is still only about 26 percent of the original population. Whilst the Aboriginal population continued to expand at the end of the 20th century – an ‘estimated resident Indigenous population’ of 469,000 is projected for this year – it is clear to see that it came close to being exterminated. This increasing number of indigenous people still represents only about 2.4 percent of the total Australian population (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006). And so comes the issue of race. Much of Said’s work, for example, deals with the ‘white’ man’s oppression of the ‘brown’. Whereas the Irish were certainly subjugated, they were viewed simply as inferior. The Aboriginals, in contrast, were viewed as subhuman, â€Å"and as animals they possessed no rights, nor any claim to morality† (Pilger, 1989: 27). Australia, here, seems to have more in common with the ‘Dark Continent’ than with any imperialism within Europe. Some colonial nations, often referred to as ‘settler countries’, had the same attitude towards the natives as that in Australia. In Canada, New Zealand, and even Latin American settler countries’ Argentina and Uruguay, little effort was made by the colonist to maintain the existing order, to establish commercial (or other) relations with the inhabitants, or even to recruit them as labour. Instead of involving themselves with the native populations, these lands were simply cleared and settled as â€Å"fresh field of European endeavour† (Macintyre, 1999: 20). Again, this is not to argue that the Irish were not oppressed during English dominion but simply to state that they were at least acknowledged in a way that the Aboriginals were not. One might even venture to argue that the treatment of the Aboriginals in Australia was so horrific that it has led to their virtual writing out of traditional Australian memory and consequently history. In The Fatal Shore, Robert Hughes’ describes what he calls ‘a national pact of silence (Pilger, 1989) over the Aboriginal issue. There is no topic more sensitive in Australia than that of the Aboriginals. This aspect of the British colonial legacy has certainly constructed a version of history that, as many Australians say, is â€Å"missing something† (Pilger, 1989). Burgmann and Lee make clear at the beginning of their book, A People’s History of Australia, th at their aim is ‘not merely to compensate for past neglect, but to assert that we can only understand Australia’s history by analysing the lives of the oppressed’ (in Pilger, 1989: 3). After all, â€Å"a nation founded on bloodshed and suffering of others eventually must make peace with that one historical truth† (Pilger, 1989: 3). In short, the history of the colonizer and the colonized in Australia and Ireland is enormously different. Australia has, for the last few decades, seemingly been coming to terms with their national past and incorporating the near total-destruction of Aboriginal life and culture into their accepted version of history. Ireland, of course, maintains a history as ‘constructed’ as any other nation’s – theirs, unlike that of the Australians, does not seem to be ‘silencing’ any important truths. The notion of ‘discovery’ In the early nineteenth century, the primary aims and concerns of Geography were: to collect and publish new facts and discoveries, to develop instruments of use to travellers, and to accumulate geographical texts, in particular maps. Geography was, in many ways, an instrument of the empire, an impression that is illustrated well by the number of military men that were members of the Royal Geographic Society in the early nineteenth century. Topography and mapping by and large went hand in hand with notions of colonialism and expansion. Wood wrote that maps ‘work’ because they â€Å"give us reality, a reality that exceeds our vision, our reach, the span of our days, a reality we achieve no other way† (1993: 4-5). In short, maps â€Å"manage to pass off for evident truth what is hard won, culturally acquired knowledge about the world we inhabit; a reality unverifiable by the naked eye† (Klein, 1998: 1). This section will argue that early colonial maps of both Ireland and Australia used cartography to meet their colonial desires. The key difference was that early maps of Australia displayed a land ‘unconquered’ and ‘uninhabited’ whereas colonial maps of Ireland represented a land very much ‘conquered’. Early maps of colonial Australia and Ireland also illustrate another key difference: the British believed they had discovered Australia, whilst they never assumed to have discovered the Emerald Isle. In reality, they had not ‘discovered’ Australia either – â€Å"the very fact that Cook discovered Australia strikes many today as false as the British claim to sovereignty over it† (Macintyre, 1999: 25). After all, â€Å"how can you find something that is already known?† (Macintyre, 1999: 25). The conception of ‘unconquered’ and ‘vacant’ land figures very prominently in the geography of discovery and colonialism. The sheer size of Australia allowed its settlers to believe they had found a previously unconquered, uninhabited landmass. Clearly, there is an element of sheer size. The Australian continent has an astronomical area of 7,682,300 square kilometres, compared to Ireland’s 70,300. Early maps of Australia often displ ay an indeterminate continent, and â€Å"decorated it with lush vegetation and barbarous splendour† (Macintyre, 1999: 25). Other maps often neglected the south coast entirely, and left a vacant (or unexplored and therefore non-existent?) centre, as seen in Map 3, which is believed to date from the 1800s. Part and parcel of colonial imagination has been to make out no territorial limits in its desire for the unknown and the unconquered. Map 3. Early Map of Australia Source: MSN Encarta. Map 4. Early Map of Australia Source: http://www.chr.org.au/earlymapsofaustralia/Images/Map%20before%20captain%20cook%201753%20Jacques%20Nicolas.jpg Map 4 further emphasizes the unconquered aspect – by leaving great tracts of the continent blank on maps it was easier to believe that those very tracts were untouched and uninhabited. The vast emptiness of early Australian maps can also be viewed as a reactionary defensive mechanism. Numerically, the colonizers in Australia were (initially) a minority. In colonial theory in general, this was problematic because minorities were established as ‘outsiders’ in society. It was doubly problematic in Australia because of its role as the ‘dumping-ground for convicts’ (Macintyre, 1999: 18) in its early English settlement. To conceptualise and construct a large vacant space allowed for the idea of an uninhabited continent to flourish, and allowed the early colonizers to reject the idea of being a minority. In contrast, early maps of Ireland try to conceptualise a country that is controlled and conquered. In a study of the English construction of Irish space in a series of Elizabethan and Jacobean maps, Klein (1998: 4) found that most â€Å"do little to hide their involvement in the colonial politics of their historical moment. In gradually redefining the ‘savage’ Irish wasteland as a territorial extension of the national sphere, they are quite openly engaged in negotiating the political accommodation of Irish cultural difference into a British framework†. Baptista Boazio’s Irlande (Map 5) is believed to be the first map of Ireland, dating from 1559. Today, this map does not meet with much approval – â€Å"the lavish ornamental flourish, the purely fictional character of some of the map’s topographical details and †¦ the extravagant use of colour are all features that suggest that precise geographical information was not the map’s principal objective† (Klein, 1998: 15). Map 5. Boazio’s Irlande Source: Klein, 1998. The Kingdome of Ireland (Map 6) was the standard representation of Ireland for the first half of the 17th century. This map portrays a â€Å"neat and perfectly controlled area; a peaceful and quiet expanse†. The â€Å"pictorial surface of the map achieves both homogeneity and balance, suggesting a spatial harmony devoid of conflict† (Klein, 1998: 17). Moreover, the ‘wild men and women’ of Ireland depicted on the map seem to register a cartographic â€Å"transfer of political authority in Ireland from native Irish to English colonizers† (Klein, 1998: 17). Map 6. Speed’s Kingdome of Ireland Source: Klein, 1998. In short, early maps of Ireland and Australia made great attempts to represent (and reaffirm) colonial ‘truths’. As Klein (1998: 1) states, â€Å"it should be noted that some eyes are as blind as others are observant, and contemporaries also recognized that the abstraction of geometric scale may quietly conceal rather than openly disclose geographical information†. Representation of these two nations were different in that Australia was represented as unconquered and ready for the taking, whereas Ireland was represented very much as ‘conquered’. This had to do with both the differences in size of the two nations at hand, as well as with their proximity to England. Conclusion This essay has attempted to analyse the historical geographies of colonialism in Australia and Ireland. It has shown that though the two nations share some overriding similarities (many simply attributed to being post-colonial), there are also a multitude of differences in their historical geographies. The comparison was made in two basic contexts. First, the analysis was made within Said’s Orientalism. It argued that both Ireland and Australia were stuck between the binary of ‘us’ and ‘other’, between the First and Third Worlds. However, it argued that due to a variety of factors including, but not limited to, race, proximity, and area, their experience of ‘Orientalism’ was fundamentally different. The second sections analysed the representation of colonialism in early maps of Australia and Ireland. Here the countries again displayed significant difference: Australia was depicted as a land waiting to be conquered, and Ireland as ‘neat’ and ‘controlled’. A further general note can be made in that this essay demonstrated the power of memory and history on geography, and vice versa. Having analysed the historical geographies of Australia and Ireland, one would certainly agree that geography and history are â€Å"analogous and interdependent fields†. Works Cited Australian Bureau of Statistics (2004) Yearbook Australia: Population – Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Population, available from: www.abs.gov.au Guelke, L. (1997) ‘The Relations Between Geography and History Reconsidered’, History and Theory, 36 (2), pp. 191-234. Hughes, R. (1986) The Fatal Shore: The epic of Australia’s founding, New York: Vintage Books. Klein, B. (1998) ‘Partial Views: Shakespeare and the Map of Ireland’, Early Modern Literary Studies, Special Issue 3, 1-20. Kroeker, A. â€Å"Separation from the World: Post-colonial aspects of Mennonite/s wiring in Western Canada†, Winnipeg, Manitoba: University of Manitoba. Litvack, L. (2006) Theories of Post-Coloniality: Edward W. Said and W.B. Yeats, available from: www.qub.ac.uk/en/imperial/ireland/saidyeat.htm Macintyre, S. (1999) A Concise History of Australia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. McCarthy, M. (no date) ‘Historico-Geographical Explorations of Ireland’s Heritages: Toward a Critical Understanding of the Nature of Memory and Identity’, available from: http://www.ashgate.com/subject_area/downloads/sample_chapters/IrelandsHeritagesCh1.pdf McCarthy, M. (2003), ‘Historical geographies of a colonized world: the renegotiation of New English colonialism in early modern urban Ireland, c. 1600-10, Irish Geography, 36(1), 59-76. Meinig, D. W. (1982) ‘Geographical analysis of imperial expansion’, in Baker, A. R. H. and Billinge, M. (eds.) Period and place: Research methods in historical geography, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Meinig, D. W. (1989) ‘The Historical Geography of Imperative’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 79, 79-87. Pilger, J. (1989) A Secret Country, Sydney: Random House. Said, E. (1979) Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books. Said, E. (1993) Culture and Imperialism, lecture given at York University, Toronto, Canada, 10 February 1993. Wikipedia (2006a) British Empire, available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire Wikipedia (2006b) Geography, available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography Wikipedia (2006c) Orientalism, available from: http://en.wikipedia/org/wiki/Orientalism Wood, D. (1993) The Power of Maps, London: Routledge

The Use of Heritage in Everyday Use and A Pair of Tickets :: Alice Walker Amy Tan Papers

The Use of Heritage in Everyday Use and A Pair of Tickets A key factor in Alice Walker’s â€Å"Everyday Use,† and Amy Tan’s â€Å"A Pair of Tickets,† is heritage. Throughout both stories the use of heritage can be seen easily. Walker’s avoidance of heritage in her writings and Tan’s understanding of heritage in her writing. Through this readers can see the true meaning of heritage. Understanding both sides of these two stories gives readers a chance to explore their own heritage and reflect on how they accept their past. By contrasting the family characters in â€Å"Everyday Use,† Walker illustrates lost heritage by placing the significance of heritage solely on material objects. Walker presents Mama and Maggie, the younger daughter, as an example that heritage in both knowledge and form passing from one generation to another through a learning experience connection. However, by a broken connection, Dee the older daughter, represents a misconception of heritage as material. Dee, the â€Å"heritage queen† portrays a rags to riches daughter who does not understand what heritage is all about. Her definition of heritage hangs on a wall to show off, not to be used. Dee’s avoidance of heritage becomes clear when she is talking to Mama about changing her name, she says, â€Å"I couldn’t bear it any longer being named after the people who oppress me† (Walker 75). Thus resembling that Dee just takes another name without even understanding what her original name means. She tr ies to explain to Mama that her name now has meaning, quality, and heritage; never realizing that the new name means nothing. Changing her name bothers Mama and Maggie because Dee’s name is a fourth generation name, truly giving it heritage. Dee likes to gloat to her friends about how she was raised, so she tries to show off by decorating her house with useful items from her past. Her argument with Mama about taking quilts that were hand stitched as opposed to sewn by machine gives readers a chance to see Dee’s outlook of heritage is short lived. Dee says to Mama, â€Å"But they’re priceless. . . Maggie would put them on the bed and in five years they’d be in rags. Less than that!† (Walker 77). Mama will not allow her daughter to take the quilts because she has been saving them for Dee’s sister, Maggie, and she wants the quilts to be put into everyday use. By helping

Art on Brown vs. Board Education Supreme Court decision :: Art Exhibit Race

Fifty years ago the state of our beautiful nation was quite different. The United States were not very united at all. Fifty years ago a court decision marked a change in society that Americans will experience forever. The Brown vs. Board Supreme Court decision gave the old ?separate but equal? laws the boot. It marked the start of integration of public schools and universities. The process was not a smooth one to say the least, yet American society as it stands today is a far more equal because of it. However close we may be to equal it still is not yet equal. Artists of late have been expressing their view of American culture in many different ways. A particular group of artists calls themselves Social Studies more than likely referring to their portrayal of American social issues. At Krannert Art Museum this year Social Studies put out their third exhibit featuring eight artists? works that provoke viewers to reflect on issues of identity, tolerance, equal rights, and integration as they apply to education now. When I walked in to the exhibit I noticed a very interesting portrait to begin with. It was five separate portraits of two women, one white, one black, both attempting to sit in the same chair. The title of the work was Plessy vs. Ferguson, in memory of the Supreme Court decision that made segregation legal. The separate part seemed to hold true but the equal part was far more than lacking. Most cases seemed to be that there wasn?t enough to separate hence the reason for the two women struggling over the same chair. This art took me awhile to understand because my brain had not been geared to what I was actually witnessing. It wasn?t until I sat down on a retro style couch resting on a beige shag carpet rug facing a silent movie projection. The obvious use of perspective in this art form helped me understand the side by side projection of two different family videos. One was footage from a Jewish family and the other was an African American family?s footage. Both of the videos depicted family gatherings for celebrations such as barbeques, birthday parties, trips to Disney World and religious holidays.

Homeless Citizens? Essay -- essays research papers

Homeless citizens are often considered a burden, more over, society’s burden. The down-and-out seem, to the average citizen, to be habitually on drugs, or prone to violent behaviour. Should it not be our responsibility to help those who can not help themselves? That is just it, some of the impoverished are living under such appalling conditions that they can not pick themselves up onto their own strength. I have a few questions that I would like the average person to think about regarding the homeless: Why are they on the streets? What can they do about it? Is this society’s dilemma and should society lend a selfless helping hand to clean up the streets? These are just a few questions that I will attempt to give my opinion on and if one does not agree that they may, without prejudice, hear what I have to say. I hope that one would honestly take to heart the value of a human life. People all have a living, breathing soul in need of some sort of ‘fire’ in or der to kick-start their life back together. A man without a home is lost. To wander the streets with no hope is possibly one of the loneliest situations to be in. There are many reasons why a man is homeless. I was chatting with a homeless man once, he told me one of the main reasons he was on the street was due to cocaine use. He lost his family, job and everything he owned due to cocaine. The man did not go into detail about how he became addicted to the drug, or how long he had been on the streets, but just listening to this poor soul talk was depressing. According to him, he hated cocaine, but he could not kick the habit. Selling everything for the next hit is horrible. He never told me his name, but I could see in his eyes a lack of will to live. In his mind, life from that point in time was hopeless. That brief conversation was a totally spontaneous occurrence of a man trying to get some change; I lied and said that I did not have change on me. I could not trust him, I did not want him to use the money for cocaine. That is one reason why this human being and many others are living poorly. The poverty rate is extremely high in the United States: In 2000, 11.3% of the U.S. population, or 31.1 million people, lived in poverty (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2001). While the number of poor people has ... ...ty's homeless families. "We have to recognize the costs and failings of our own best intentions," Bloomberg said. "This morning, some 38,000 people -- including 16,000 children -- woke up in city shelters." Bloomberg pledged to reduce the homeless population by two-thirds, and to plow savings back into housing programs. He has earmarked $12 million to seed these programs, but his aides acknowledge the eventual cost will run into tens of millions of dollars. (Powell) This city has the right idea, and even though we ourselves as one person can not do anything of this magnitude, we can always request and support the city when opportunities like this arise. Aside from these large scale efforts, all we have to do is lend a smile or a small helping hand. Our communities would be safer and more pleasant to be in, if only we took the effort to lend a helping hand. If a normal man was in the ratty old shoes of a poor man for just a day, he would expect no less.

Abuse Assessment screen Essay

Given Ms. Li’s ethnicity, she might appear reserved, avoid eye contact, stoic, and will not ask many questions. Her willingness to answer and ask questions may differ if she is second or third generation in America. I would be mindful of her personal space, reassure her privacy, and use motivational interviewing to obtain vital information. I would avoid complicated terminology and use language according to her education level. I would also be very careful of any signs and symptoms of possible suicide ideation and remind her that whatever happened is not her fault. There might also be a tendency to give yes or no replies. It is best to ask open ended questions. The Abuse Assessment Screen (AAS) â€Å"is a multiple-item questionnaire that asks about past and current emotional, sexual, and physical abuse, both prior to and during pregnancy. The questions assess the severity and frequency of injury and abuse. The form is included in all medical charts prepared for new prenatal care patients at their first visit to a clinic or emergency room† (National Institute of Justice, 2014). If abuse is discovered, the nurse must ensure patient safety (remove any items that may cause harm, complete diagnostic tests PRN, and provide a safe milieu), document well, report to authorities, refer patient to a counselor for further psychiatric evaluation, and work with interdisciplinary staff to ensure patient has a safe place to be discharged to (i.e. women’s domestic abuse shelter), has access to support groups, and other needs she might have if she cannot return home. If the patient refuses to leave the abuser, the only thing left to do is to provide education regarding how to identify the abusers red flags, identify safe areas of the house, and create a code word that can be  used as a signal to others that she is in danger (Help Guide, 2014). We can also provide resources (crisis hotline, women shelter locations, support groups, legal aid, etc.), and create an emergency plan. The emergency plan would consist of having an escape route, emergency phone and contacts, gas in a vehicle that is not in a blocked location, emergency cash, packed clothing and essentials, hidden spare keys, and practice escaping safely (Help Guide, 2014). References: National Institute of Justice (2014). The Abuse Assessment. Program Profile. Retrieved from crimessolutions.gov Help Guide (2014). Help for Abused and Battered Women. Retrieved from http://www.helpguide.org/articles/abuse/help-for-abused-and-battered-women.htm

The Death Penalty Shall Stay

The United States is known for its big capital punishment or death penalty mentality. However, passions in the U.S. are sharply divided, and equally strong among both supporters and protesters of the death penalty. The death penalty in this country should not be eliminated though. First, death is the only just punishment for murderers. Second, life without parole is far more expensive than a death sentence. Lastly, capital punishment serves as a deterrent for future potential criminals. All in all, it is important that the death penalty remains in the United States. When a murderer is executed, the message to the criminal and society is that the crime he committed is so heinous; he forfeits his own right to live. Justice for All states that juries do not impose the death penalty loosely. They continue to explain that the death penalty is imposed with a sense of protection and justice, not revenge (Social Issues: Justice for All). The death penalty punishment is earned as a result of the pain and suffering the criminal has caused on the victim and the victim’s loved ones. â€Å"For some crimes, it represents the only just punishment available on earth† (Sharp). Also, our society has nonetheless steadily moved to more humane methods of carrying out capital punishment. Many opponents of the death penalty argue that the cost of capital punishment is about twice as expensive as life without parole punishments. Although the upfront costs for the death penalty are in fact higher than the costs for life without parole cases, this concept flips as the years pass. Justice for All states that life without parole cases will cost $1.2 million-$3.6 million more over time than equivalent death penalty cases (Sharp). Another factor that opponents of the death penalty fail to recognize is the cost that branches out of life imprisonment. Keeping these criminals alive in prison costs money whether it’s for the food, space, water for the showers, etc. So, why spend the money for murderers who don’t deserve it? Lastly, common sense later followed by piles and piles of statistics has proven that criminals often plead for a life in prison rather than death. In the past it was believed that the death of murderers 1) prevents future crime or misbehavior from the murderer and 2) discourages other future and/or potential murderers from committing crimes. In the present, Paul Rubin, a professor of economics and law at Emory University uses detailed statistical analysis of the available data on the deterrent effects of capital punishment. He and his colleagues concluded that each execution led to an average of eighteen fewer murders (Rubin). Not only has the death penalty rid us of criminals but it has the future effect of reducing the crime rate.

The Critical Thinker and Culture

The Critical Thinker and Culture R. Steve Terry American Sentinel University BSN 43611-A May 30, 2011 Margaret Lowenthal Abstract Using the textbook: Rubenfeld, M. G. & Scheffer, B. K. (2010). Critical Thinking Tactics for Nurses: Achieving the IOM Competencies, 2nd Ed. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7637-6584 Using the checklist in Box 3-2, reflect on your culture and how it might affect your critical thinking habits of the mind. Then think of someone you work with who comes from a culture different from yours. Think of a patient from a different culture. How do you think those persons would answer the questions? Introduction: Taken directly from my first paper, â€Å" â€Å". Thinking as a Critical Thinker Critical thinking is something we do every day in our nursing jobs, and yet we don't put names to the parts and pieces of just what it is we are doing while making those decisions. Reading the first two chapters of our text book has opened my eyes, not only to what I do on a daily basis, but has given me insight on how to breakdown the process of critical thinking into manageable parts, with definitions for each phase. This breakdown of the process will not only help me in my day-to-day duties but will also help me communicate the process more easily to my peers. Now what would happen to the critical thinker when you add his or her cultural aspects to the way they put together and analyze their information gathered as that critical thinker? Do you think the influences of one’s upbringing may enhance or impair critical thinking in the nursing field? Let’s start out by investigating my culture of youth where I was born into the Appalachian area of West Virginian. Appalachian Culture Appalachian is a land of high mountains and green forests, abundant springs and rivers, varied plants, animal and bird life. Its Cumberland range is big coal mining country. Its farms are traditionally small operations. The area to which you will be traveling is one of rich history and tradition (Commission on Religion of Appalachia, 1992). Being brought up in West Virginia, I have many memories of a style of living that my grandparents and their parents taught me about. One of the funniest traditions we have is a distrust of doctors. Where I’m from in South Central, West Virginia, people only go to the hospital to die. It’s my belief that this came about because most people from the hills only made it to the hospital at the last stages of disease so it was felt it was the last place to go before one dies. And this is not just in West Virginia it’s in all the Appalachian area. The geographic boundaries of Appalachia include portions of 13 states, reaching from southern New York to northern Mississippi. It contains 398 counties in the following states: Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. West Virginia is the only state that the region completely covers. The region is rural and urban, rich and poor (Frank S. Riddel, ed, 1984). Process of Learning Trust If you had asked me what critical thinking was before today, I would have probably explained in terms that resembled the nursing process, because that is what I have been educated about for eighteen years; but, don’t think it’s been easy for me. On the contrary, because of my cultural upbringing and the distrust in medicine that has long plagued not only Appalachia but my family as well, it was very difficult in the beginning of my nursing career to learn the subtle truths about creating a â€Å"trust† atmosphere between myself and members of my cultural community. According to Rubenfield and Sheffer, â€Å"critical thinking is the metaphorical bridge between information and action† (Rubenfield & Scheffer, 2010). That’s exactly what it has been for me, a bridge to bring trust to members of my community. One of the biggest areas of difference in Appalachia and most other cultural areas is the distrust of anything that is outside of the community (Frank S. Riddel, ed, 1984). I believe as a critical thinker that knowing this has helped me understand how to communicate trust to this community and by knowing first the culture of my community it has helped me discern area’s that I can control and areas that I cannot. I know to use the habits of confidence and perseverance to reckon with my community to build trust, because these are areas that my culture see’s as important, although they live in present tense at most times, I feel that I can help them understand, â€Å"the tomorrow†, if not getting treatment today type of concept. Conclusion Culture is just one of many aspects one must consider before jumping to any conclusions about communication. This is also true about critical thinking. This is why flexibility, open-mindedness and perseverance are such import parts of the Critical Thinking habits of the mind. Without them we may decide to just give up because we don’t understand why someone may not understand our end goals and why we want to help them. References Commission on Religion in Appalachia, â€Å"Economic transformation: The Appalachian Challenge†(Knoxville, TN C. O. R. A. , 1992). Frank S. Riddel, ed. , â€Å"Appalachia: Its People, Heritage and Problems† (Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 1984), xi. Rubenfeld, M. G. & Scheffer, B. K. (2010). Critical Thinking Tactics for Nurses: Achieving the IOM Competencies, 2nd Ed. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.